xvi ii ORGANISATION AND EVOLUTION 431 



some connected not with the maintenance of the race at its 

 then level, but with the further expansion of its powers. 

 Such an expansion may be of little use to it as a means of 

 survival for the present, but it means progress hereafter. 

 Something like this would seem to be the history of those 

 mathematical and aesthetic " faculties " which have been a 

 stumbling block to natural selection. 



7. Even among the higher animals the exercise of 

 faculty seems to be intrinsically pleasant, to be desired 

 upon its own account and independently of its value in 

 maintaining life. When we pass to the human level of 

 development, it is not merely pleasure, but a deeper 

 and more comprehensive end which plays a similar part. 

 As is Pleasure to Desire, so is Happiness to Will. Will 

 is not Desire, nor merely a resultant of desires, but an 

 expression of the whole personality. Desire is the impulse 

 towards a particular end in which a partial and temporary 

 satisfaction is found ; Will, the impulse to a broader end, 

 in which the whole being of the agent is concerned. Plea- 

 sure is the satisfaction of Desire : Happiness the satisfac- 

 tion of Will, the attainment by a man of what he feels to 

 be his true being's end and aim. Now, the conception of 

 Happiness will vary, not only according to individual 

 temperament and circumstances, but also according to the 

 current ideas of life and society. For in all but the most 

 degraded, and perhaps even in them, the conception of per- 

 sonal worth and of the part that a man is expected to play 

 in life enters as an ingredient, perhaps as the determining 

 ingredient, into the conception of his own happiness. And 

 besides his function in this life, there is the conception of 

 another life, or of his duty to God, which profoundly 

 influences the notion of happiness formed by great num- 

 bers of men. Finally, the happiness of others, which in 

 a greater or less degree a man identifies with his own, 

 is determined in the concrete form which it takes by a 

 similar multiplicity of influences. I am not here con- 

 cerned to go into these influences in detail, or to analyse 

 the actual conception of Happiness that prevails at different 

 times or under different conditions. I call attention to 

 two points only. One is, that as it actually develops, 



