448 APPENDIX 



have further a spelling code, whereby they can communicate 

 with their master ; they can read words, describe a picture, ask 

 for bread or a carrot which is one of their favourite rewards 

 have at times made spontaneous utterances in their code, and carry 

 on conversations. An illustration of the latter may be given from 

 Herr Krall's book : 1 



" I wrote on the board : c What is sugar ? ' Muhamed, the 

 horse, answers c Sweet.' c But that is no proposition. What 

 must you say as well ? ' * Z. ist.' * What can you say further of 

 sugar r ' c Sugar is white.' ' What besides ? Consider again.' 

 ' Z. schmkt gud.' 



" The next day I say to Muhamed : * You said yesterday sugar 

 is sweet and white and tastes good. Now consider again whether 

 you can say something more about sugar,' and I put a bit of sugar 

 before him. Muhamed answers : * Z. ht 4 ek,' i.e., sugar has 

 4 corners. While noting down this, he says, quite of himself, 

 4 lohn.' Johann asks : i What am I to do ? ' The answer is : 

 ' Mgbn ' (i.e., mohre geben carrots)." 



Feats of this kind are attested by a large number of witnesses, 

 many of whom are men of scientific eminence, and while some 

 have remained unconvinced, others are sure of the genuineness of 

 the performance, and nearly all believe the problem is worthy 

 of serious investigation. The marvel is not diminished by the 

 account Herr Krall gives of the method of education : 



The horses Muhamed and Zarif were originally taught to 

 count by raising the foot once or twice, as the case might be, 

 while the number I or 2 was placed before them conspicuously 

 and the name of the figure uttered clearly. On the first day 

 the numbers I and 2 alone were employed. On the next 

 day 3 was added and o, which was to be expressed by the 

 horse by a turn of the head from left to right. Each horse 

 had an hour and a half to two hours' training per diem. After 

 a few days we are told the horses had learnt they must paw 

 with the foot in answer to the command " Count," and on the 

 fifth day the figures I, 2, and 3 were put up in a row, the horses 

 were allowed to touch them, and take a bit of bread placed 

 on each number. After about a week Herr Krall began to 

 write the numbers on a blackboard and to use a counting machine 

 to assist in addition. On the I3th day Muhamed began to 

 give the numbers from I to 4 correctly, and practice in addition, 

 with the aid of the counting board, was begun. A piece of 

 the actual record of the lesson may be subjoined, it being under- 

 stood that the horse has before him, along with the written figure 

 on the blackboard, the counting board, on which the appropriate 

 row of dots is placed under each number. 



1 Denkende Tiere, p. 157. 



