454 



APPENDIX 



him from outside to begin again, and he gave 25, and then 125, 

 which is still wrong. After this Muhamed persisted in knocking 

 numbers of his own and made an undecipherable word. He then 

 returned to the sums and gave a correct answer to the one written 

 above, namely, 135, without any preliminary mistake, and later on 

 he solved a fourth root when Krall had left the stable after writing 

 up the problem. Monsieur Claparede then being left alone with 

 Muhamed, gave him some simple additions, but the answers were 

 wrong and not clear. 



In a second visit Monsieur Claparede obtained some rather 

 better results when he knew the answers to his own questions. 

 Hanschen failed in several cases, but succeeded in getting 

 24 + 12 = 36 at the third shot. Muhamed failed the first day, 

 and Zarif altogether, but on the second day Muhamed gave some 

 right answers in the absence of the assistants. These results, if 

 not as clear as might be wished, show that it is at least possible to 

 obtain a correct answer from the horses when neither Krall nor 

 any of the attendants is there, at least, so far as the experimenter 

 is aware, but I do not notice that any attention has been given to 

 the question of the possibility of a dishonest person operating in 

 some manner from outside the stable. 



But the matter is of less critical importance than might appear, 

 because if the solution of the whole matter is communication with 

 the horse by a sign, which cannot be detected and which may be 

 involuntary, it is quite as possible that the experimenter himself 

 may give this sign without knowing it, and that is the suggestion 

 which has to be met by the upholders of the intellectualist inter- 

 pretation of these performances. The decisive test would then 

 lie in the power of the horse to answer a question when the right 

 solution was unknown to the experimenter himself. The import- 

 ance of this test was seen by Monsieur Claparede, who, in the 

 experiments which he made when alone with the horses, attempted 

 by the use of cards to set them problems unknown to himself. 

 His results are as follows : 



Hanschen's answers were wrong, but in one case gave the 

 number 42 for 45. 



Muhamed failed on that day with numbers known to Claparede, 

 and therefore was not tested with the unknown. On the next 

 day, after Muhamed had given some right replies as mentioned 

 above, in cases where Monsieur Claparede knew the answer, the 

 test of the unknown was applied. In all cases Muhamed's answer 

 was wrong. There followed an addition, in which Monsieur 

 Claparede knew the figures, 22 + 15, given correctly as 37, but 

 after this no results were given by the horse. Monsieur Claparede 

 considers the result of this investigation to be negative. It fails to 

 disprove the horses' powers, but it does not show a clear issue. The 



