APPENDIX 



457 



explaining pictures, and squaring one or two figures. Column III. 

 includes roots and cubing or raising to the fourth power. The 

 results are as follows : 



This table was made when Muhamed and Zarif had had over 

 four years' instruction, Hanschen one year, and Berto six months. 

 Dr. Maday notes that Muhamed still errs in nearly one out 

 of two of the simplest problems, and although he is the most 

 accomplished performer of the party, Hanschen and Berto equal 

 him in the simplest cases. Still these figures certainly show a 

 reduction of successes in proportion to difficulty, but particularly 

 in the case of Muhamed this reduction is by no means what one 

 would expect from a genuine intelligence which was undergoing a 

 genuine education. We should expect more like 90 or 95% of 

 successes in very simple sums at such a stage. Modjelewski's 

 figures, however, are much more damaging to the intellectualist 

 view. He was present along with Monsieur Claparede and 

 enumerated all the cases witnessed by him, distinguishing the 

 more complex, in which he included all calculations and the 

 reading of verbal numbers, from the remainder. His results 

 showed that in the first seance the horses gave right answers 

 in n^/ of all cases but in 13^ of the more complex. This 

 is the very opposite of what we might expect from an intelligent 

 schoolboy. 



The answers, as we have seen, are often senseless, wholly wide 

 of the mark, even numbers given as the root or square of odds, 

 and so on. But beyond this, right answers seem to be arrived 

 at by a process of groping; for example, for \/i 17649 Muhamed 

 gives successively 4, 13, 346, 347, and 343. Apparently he gets 

 by successive stages to three figures, and at the third shot he has 

 got two digits right. At the fourth shot he has got 7 as a terminal 

 digit, which is a possible square root for a number ending in 9. 

 That being wrong, 3 is the only alternative, and is correctly 

 given. It certainly looks here as if some mind was groping for 

 the right answer, but hardly that any mind was calculating. 

 So again 4/2313441 = 37, 16, 19, 49, and 39 (r). The first shot 



