16 MINERAL WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



account of the limited solubility of both they can not occur in waters 

 in very large quantities. Neither of them as they occur in waters has 

 any medicinal value. 



Carbondioxated waters. These waters contain free carbon dioxid 

 as distinguished from the carbonated or bicarbonated waters which 

 contain carbon dioxid in combination. Usually the heavily carbon- 

 dioxated waters are also bicarbonated, but this is not necessarily true. 

 Free carbon dioxid is present in practically all natural waters to some 

 extent, but in some waters, notably the Saratoga, it is present in very 

 large quantities. Such waters are extremely palatable and large quan- 

 tities can be drunk without causing a "full feeling." These waters 

 tend to increase the flow of saliva and intestinal fluids, also to increase 

 the peristaltic movements of the stomach, and therefore increase diges- 

 tion. They also tend to increase the flow of urine. Obstinate cases 

 of nausea are often relieved by the use of this class of waters. 



Carbureted ivaters. These waters sometimes occur in coal and 

 natural-gas regions. They are not known to have any medicinal value, 

 but are usually considered unfit for drinking purposes. 



Sulphureted waters. These waters increase the action of the skin, 

 intestines, and kidneys. They also possess a decided alterative effect. 

 They have been used in the treatment of syphilis, chronic metallic 

 poisoning, rheumatism, and gout. They have also given excellent 

 results in many skin diseases, hyperaemia of the liver, and in catarrhal 

 conditions of the pharynx, larynx, and bronchi. 



METHODS OF ANALYSIS. 

 GENERAL METHOD OF REPORTING RESULTS. 



The following determinations were made on all of the waters 

 examined: Lithium, potassium, calcium, manganese, iodin, chlorin, 

 sodium, magnesium, iron and aluminum, arsenic, bromin, boric acid, 

 nitric acid, sulphuric acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, nitrous acid, 

 silicic acid, bicarbonic acid, free ammonia, albuminoid ammonia, and 

 oxygen consuming capacity. Besides these determinations, barium, 

 strontium, and hydrogen sulphid were determined in cases where there 

 was reason to suspect their presence. 



In reporting the results of analysis the bases and acids are given in 

 parts per million of the positive and negative ions, except in the case 

 of silica, which in the present state of our knowledge we can usually 

 only report as such, not going into the question of how much is pres- 

 ent as the silicic acid ion and how much as free silica. Iron and 

 aluminum when present in unimportant quantities are reported 

 together, and in calculations involving this figure the whole is con- 

 sidered as iron and given the atomic weight of 55.9. When iron and 

 aluminum are present in larger quantities a separation is made and 

 each element reported separately. 



