230 MODERN BIOLOGIC THERAPEUSIS 



and Medicine, 1913, x, 70), Lowdermilk (The 

 Journal A. M. A., July 11, 1914, 141), Manning 

 (The Journal A. M.. A., Feb. 20, 1915, 655), Free- 

 man (The Lancet, April 25, 1914, 1178) Oppen- 

 heimer and Gottlieb (N. Y. Medical Journal, 

 Feb. 6, 1915, 229), and especially the recent 

 work of Koessler (Illinois Medical Journal, Au- 

 gust, 1914, 120), has demonstrated the practic- 

 ability and clinical value of active immunization 

 against hay fever by means of pollen extracts. 

 Clowes was the first to report a definite method 

 of vaccination against hay fever in this coun- 

 try, and his work stimulated extensive study of 

 this form of active immunization which has now 

 been placed on a more complete basis by 

 Koessler. 



RESULTS OF VACCINATION 



Clowes vaccinated 8 patients, all of whom ex- 

 perienced a marked alleviation of general symp- 

 toms. Of the 84 cases reported by Freeman, 

 64.6 per cent were completely cured or markedly 

 improved; 23.9 per cent of the cases showed 

 slight improvement, while 11.5 per cent were not 

 benefited. Twenty-one cases have been re- 

 ported by Manning and of these, fourteen were 

 objectively and subjectively relieved; in the 



