463] PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA FROM FISHES— COOPER 175 



din (1845:617) and Cobbold (1858:158) made important additions to the 

 knowledge of the species. Van Beneden (1871:56) erected the new genus, 

 which was later accepted by Lonnberg (1891:75) who used his specific name 

 gadi as synonymous with the B. rugosus of the earlier writers. Fraipont 

 (1880:267; 1881:12) added to the knowledge of the excretory system. It was 

 not until some time later, however, that Linstow (1889:242) essayed to give 

 a more detailed description of the whole worm, while Lonnberg (1891 :75) 

 and Matz (1892:113) by their attention to the anatomy, especially of the re- 

 productive organs, laid the foimdation upon which all the writers since have 

 based their conceptions of the species. While the development, especially 

 in its earhest stages, was studied by Schauinsland (1885:527), and later by 

 Saint-Remy (1900:296), the systematic position has since then been dealt 

 with by Blanchard (1894:701), Ariola (1896:272, 274; 1900:432), Riggenbach 

 (1896:223) andLiihe (1899:33; 1900a:47, 96, 101; 1910: 26). Linton (1890:750; 

 1898:431) is the only writer who has described the species in America. 



The dimensions of the species are, according to Liihe (1910:26), 400mm. 

 to 1 meter in length by 2 to 5mm. in maximum breadth; whUe Ariola (1900: 

 433) gave the total length of the strobila as from 16 to 97cm. Linton (1890: 

 751) worked with specimens from the cod, the largest of which measured 

 655mm. in length by maximum breadth and thickness (posteriorly) of 6 and 

 2mm., respectively. The largest studied by the writer was a fairly contracted 

 one (No. 301, below) from Gadus callarias, 416mm. in length by 7mm. in maxi- 

 mimi breadth 100mm. from the incomplete posterior end and 5mm. at the 

 posterior end. 



As the names used by Goeze, Batsch and Rudolphi indicate, this species 

 is characterized by its transverse wrinkles or folds, often irregular and compli- 

 cated by longitudinal grooves and folds anteriorly but regular and correspond- 

 ing to the internal segmentation posteriorly, and by the general tumid appear- 

 ance of the strobila due to the very large uterus-sacs gorged with eggs. But 

 most striking of all is the presence of a pseudoscolex which is found embedded 

 in the intestinal coeca or intestinal wall of the host, from which it is extracted 

 only by careful dissection. Goeze (1782:412, Figs. 1, 4 and 5) described a 

 scolex, somewhat elongated, sagittate and irregular but otherwise comparable 

 to that of other bothriocephalids, while Rudolphi (1810:43) does not seem to 

 have found anything of such a structure in Gadus lota. Dujardin (1845: 617) 

 was evidently the first to describe the pseudoscolex by saying that, "... la 

 partie anterieure [of the strobila] engagee dans I'appendice pylorique forme 

 una sort de bouchon, un cyhndre irregulier, cartilagineux, long de 18min., 

 large de 4mm., ride ou toruleux et sans ancune trace d' organisation ..." 

 This description, however, was not recognized by Diesing (1850:590), but he 

 accepted Rudolphi's diagnosis, namely, "Caput subsagittatum, bothriis 

 oblongis laterahbus. ..." Baird (1853:89) evidently saw two bothria, 

 probably owing to the fact that he was dealing with specimens from Lota 

 vulgaris (vide infra). Cobbold (1858:158, 159) was well acquainted with the 

 pseudoscolex, since regarding individuals from the cod ("Morrhua vulgaris'') 



