CONTENTS. 



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Page 



I. Introduction 1 



Acknowledgments 2 



II. Behavior 4 



Reactions to light 4 



Reactions to gravity 4 



Olfactory reactions 4 



■*v ^(Courtship and mating 5 



Cross-copulation 9 



L Experiments concerning sexual 

 selection 9 

 Sex-recognition by the male. . 10 

 Duration of copulation neces- 

 sary 11 



III. Genetics 12 



Mutations in species other than 



D. melanogaster 13 



IV. Physiological studies 15 



Effect of humidity on pupae. ... 15 



^i Effect of temperature on length 



of life 15 



• . Nutrition 15 



■ Natural food of Drosophila larvse 16 4^ 



Banana agar 16 



V. Parasites and enemies of Drosophila 17 



Fungus parasites 17 



Nematodes and mites 17 



Hymenopterous parasites 17 



Predacious enemies 17 



VI. Anatomy 18 v 



Eggs 18 



Larvae 19^' 



Pupse 22 V 



Structure of the imago 24 



Head 24 



Antennae 26 



Proboscis 26 



Eyes 27 



Thorax 27 



Legs 29 



Wings 29 



Halteres or balancers 31 



Abdomen 32 



VII. Chromosomes 39 



VIII. Intraspecific variability 41 



Secondary sexual characters. ... 44 

 IX. Methods of collecting and pre- 

 serving Drosophilinae 45 



X. Systematic account 48 



Systematic position of the dro- 



sophiline flies 48 



Genera of Drosophilinae 49 



Aulacigaster 51 



Curtonotum 52 



Apsinota 53 



Titanochseta 53 



XI. 



XIL 



XIII. 

 XIV. 



XV. 

 XVI. 



Page 

 Systematic account — Continued 



Cladochteta 53 



Acletoxenus 54 



Blaesochaetophora 54 



Sinophthalmus 64 



Gitona 64 



Pseudiastata 55 



Idiomyia. 55 



Zygothrica 55 



Dettopsomyia 56 



Camilla 56 



Stegana 66 



Zaprionus 58 



Pseudophortica 68 



Leucophenga 59 



Chymomyza 61 



Mycodrosophila 62 



Scaptomyza 63 



Drosophila 65 



Definition and distribution. . . 66 



Group A. (Sigmoides tj^pe) . . 70 



Group B. (Flora type) 72 



Group C. (Dubia type) 73 



Group D. (Lutzii type) 74 



Group E. (Prognatha type) . 75 



Group F. (Funebris type) ... 78 

 Subgroup 1. Yellowish or 



reddish species 78 



Subgroup 2. Blackish or 



grayish species 93 



Group G. Miscellaneous spe- 

 cies 103 



Names recorded from North 

 America but not included in 



the previous treatment 105 



Genera not here considered as 



drosophiline 106 



Geological history 107 



Geographical distribution 108 



Nearctic region 108 



Neotropical region 112 



Palaearctic region 114 



Ethiopian region 115 



Oriental region 116 



Polynesian region 116 



Species hybrid 117 



Specific differences vs. mutational 



differences 119 



Specific cases of parallelism be- 

 tween mutant characters and 



characters of wild species. ... 119 

 Catalogue of described species of 



Drosophilinse 123 



Bibliography 134 



Index 143 



111 



