90 THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA. 



AcroBtichal hairs in eight rows; no prescutellars. Mesonotum and scutellum shining 

 reddish-yellow. Pleurae and legs pale yellow. Apical and preapical bristles on first and 

 second tibiae, preapicals on third. A comb-like row of about ten short, curved black bristles 

 on the inner distal surface of the basal tarsal segment of the first leg. 



Abdomen shining black, with a basal reddish-yellow band on each of the first three 

 segments. 



Wings clear. Costal index about 2.2; fourth-vein index about 2.4; 5a; index about 2.0; 

 4c index about 1.3. 



Length body 2 mm.; wing 2 mm. 



9 . Differs from the male only in having no tarsal combs, and in that there is a basal 

 reddish-yellow band also on the fourth and fifth abdominal segments. All the yellow 

 abdominal bands are frequently obscure in pinned specimens. 



The sexual difference in the cheeks described by Loew I have been unable to detect. 



Drosophila melanogaster is recorded in Europe from Sweden and England 

 to France, Sardinia, Italy, and Austria. It is also recorded from Smyrna, 

 Africa, and the Seychelles. I have examined material from Holland, 

 France, Italy, Spain, Lourenco Marques, Hawaii, Australia, Chile, Brazil, 

 and Bermuda. North American material examined is from Nova Scotia, 

 New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, 

 New Jersey, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, Tennessee, North 

 Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 

 Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, 

 South Dakota, Kansas, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon, California, Mexico, 

 British Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Porto 

 Rico, Dominica, Barbados. This material includes the type material of 

 D. ampelophila Loew. Live material has been kept in the laboratory and 

 used in genetic experiments in which it was crossed with local races, from 

 the following localities among others: Liverpool, Nova Scotia; Kushla, 

 Alabama; Seattle, Washington; Claremont, California; Guantanamo, 

 Cuba; Panama; Sydney, Australia. These races were all typical D. 

 melanogaster, and were fertile with races from New York and Massachusetts 

 and derivatives of crosses involving such stocks. 



Although the species is not yet recorded from the oriental region outside 

 of Australia, it may safely be considered as cosmopolitan. It is, however, 

 apparently absent in the colder far-northern regions. 



The species was described in 1830, from specimens taken in Austria and 

 Germany (Kiel, Hamburg). Zetterstedt recorded it from Scandinavia (as 

 D. nigriventris) in 1847, but stated that it was rare, as he had seen only 

 two specimens. Loew, in 1862, redescribed it as D. ampelophila, and 

 recorded it as occurring in Cuba and Africa, and in central Europe, while 

 it was common in southern Europe. In 1864 he referred to it as common 

 in the raisin stores of Smyrna. Schiner, in 1864, stated that it was common 

 in Austria. The evidence is thus clear that the species was then common in 

 parts of the Old World. After Loew described it from Cuba it does not seem 

 to have been recorded in America until 1882, when Bowles (Canad. Ent., 

 14, 101) reported that he had seen it in 1879 at Montreal. Other records 

 were then published, as follows: 1875, New York (Lintner); 1879, New 

 Haven (Williston), Montreal (Bowles); 1882, Massachusetts, common 

 (Williston). 



It seems probable, as has been pointed out by Johnson (1913, Psyche, 

 20, 202) and others, that the species was introduced to this country from 

 the tropics, and that it was not present or was rare in the days of Say, 

 Harris, and Fitch. Fitch, especially, would scarcely have failed to note 

 the species if it had been as common as it now is. His last report on the 

 "Noxious and beneficial insects" of New York appeared in 1872; the last 



