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Preface^ 



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things, which make so large a part of life, are found 

 in animals as' well as in men, differing much in de- 

 gree but not at all in kind from the same feelings 

 in our own hearts ; and we must measure them, if 

 we are to understand them at all, by a common 

 standard. To call a thing intelligence in one crea- 

 ture and reflex action in another, or to speak of the 

 same thing as love or kindness in one and blind 

 impulse in the other, is to be blinder ourselves than 

 the impulse which is supposed to govern animals. 

 Until, therefore, we have some new chemistry that 

 will ignore atoms and atomic law, and some new 

 psychology that ignores animal intelligence alto- 

 gether, or regards it as under a radically different 

 law from our own, we must apply what we know 

 of ourselves and our own motives to the smaller 

 and weaker lives that are in some distant way akin 

 to our own. 



To cover our own blindness and lack of observa- 

 tion we often make a mystery and hocus-pocus of 

 animal life by using the word instinct to cover it 

 all ; as if instinct were the mysterious and exclu- 

 sive possession of the animals, and not a common 



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