226 STUDIES IN INSECT LIFE, ETC. 



as well for the benefite of the Mind as the Bodie." 

 Lond. 1582, fol. Dedicated to Lord Hunsdon. 



Incomplete translations of Pliny from the 

 French had appeared in 1565, and again in 1587. 

 In 1601 Philemon Holland, M.D. (1552-1637), 

 in later life headmaster of Coventry Grammar 

 School " the translator generall in his age/' 

 as Fuller calls him published a more complete 

 version of Pliny under the title " The History 

 of the World, commonly called the Natural His- 

 torie of Caius Plinius Secundus." This treats 

 of all phases of nature, and contains a record 

 of all natural knowledge up to the time of the 

 younger Pliny. Nor must it be forgotten that 

 the writings of Pliny and the " Georgics " of 

 Virgil were in constant use in the schools. 



In the middle of the thirteenth century Roger 

 Bacon had pointed out that " There are two 

 ways of knowing, viz. by means of argument 

 and by experiment/' but for three centuries 

 onward it was " argument " which held the field. 

 Not that the sixteenth century failed to produce 

 enlightened men who were to preach a new doc- 

 trine. In his educational work " De Tradendis 

 Disciplinis ;> (1523) Vives advocates " nature 



