324 STUDIES IN INSECT LIFE, ETC. 

 these are elementary movements of turning away. 

 Next threatening movements, as : intense frown- 

 ing ; eyes wide open ; display of teeth ; grinding 

 teeth and contracting jaws ; opened mouth with 

 tongue advanced ; clenched fists ; threatening 

 action of arms; stamping with the feet; deep 

 inspirations panting ; growling and various cries ; 

 automatic repetition of one word or syllable ; 

 sudden weakness and trembling of voice ; spitting. 

 Finally, various miscellaneous reactions and vaso- 

 motor symptoms ; general trembling, convulsions 

 of lips and facial muscles, of limbs and of trunk ; 

 acts of violence to one's self, as biting fist or 

 nails ; sardonic laughter ; bright redness of face ; 

 sudden pallor of face ; extreme dilatation of 

 nostrils ; standing up of hair on head/' 



James considers, in his chapter on Emotions, 

 the reactions which are characteristics of but 

 three sets of feeling grief, fear, and hatred. 

 Whilst declining to enlarge his list, he points out 

 that should he do so he would but ring the changes 

 on the physiological elements with which these 

 three typical cases are involved, the rigidity of 

 certain muscles, relaxation of others, constrictions 

 of some arteries, loosening of others, variations 



