328 STUDIES IN INSECT LIFE, ETC. 

 to the individual, and so to the race. When 

 they act they are acting in the interest of the 

 body. Such reflexes as sucking, vomiting, coughing 

 (and many others might be mentioned) are all 

 helpful to the individual and ultimately to the 

 race. So that when we find automatic reflexes 

 accompanying pain, fear, and rage, it is not 

 unnatural to ask, What is their utility ? Here we 

 may mention that the results of increased secre- 

 tion on the part of the adrenal bodies are practically 

 the same as the result of the injection of adrenalin 

 into the body. We have already seen that when 

 a man turns into a violent rage his tendency is 

 at once to combat or fight those against whom 

 his rage is directed. Hence, whatever reactions 

 may be useful, they must at least be prompt. 

 As Professor Cannon and his able assistants have 

 shown in their book on " Bodily Changes in Pain, 

 Hunger, Fear and Rage/' the effect of the adrenalin 

 secretion is manifest in sixteen seconds, whilst 

 the amount of sugar in the blood will in the 

 course of " a few minutes " rise between 10 and 

 30 per cent. 



For one of the first effects of an increase in this 

 secretion is a pronounced increase of sugar in 

 the blood. Now, muscular work is performed by 



