Appendix. 133 



to show itself in the pupae till a few hours, or at most a 



day or two, before the butterfly emerges, it was thought 



possible that cold applied shortly before that time would 



be quite as effective as if applied earlier and especially 



very soon after pupation. The result was, that more than 



half of the chrysalides exposed before they had hardened 



died : I exposed at ten minutes, 2 at one hour, I at two 



hours, 2 at three hours after pupation. On the other hand 



I at fifteen minutes produced a butterfly, I at two hours, 



another at twelve hours. The temperature was from 



o 1 R. most of the time, but varied somewhat each 



day as the ice melted. The normal chrysalis period is 



from eleven to fourteen days, in case the butterfly 



emerges the same season, but very rarely an individual 



will emerge several weeks after pupation. 



On the 1 4th day after taking the pupae from the ice, 



i Telamonides emerged from a chrysalis which 



had been placed in the ice-box three days after 



pupation, and was on ice sixteen days. 



On I Qth day, I Telamonides emerged from a pupa put on 



the ice twelve hours after pupation, and kept 



there eleven days. 



On i Qth day, I Walshii emerged from a pupa two hours 



old, and on ice eleven days. 



All the rest emerged Marcellus, unchanged, but at 

 periods prolonged in a surprising way. 



i on 43rd day exposed 15 minutes after pupation. 

 46th 2 hours 



53rd 24 hours 



62nd 6 days 



63rd 4 days 



66th 7 days 



77th 4 days 



8 ist 12 hours 



9 ist 5 days 



96th 19 hours 



