Studies in tJie Theory of Descent. 



imagines of the genera I 90 and 91 112 are 

 more closely allied than their larvae. 



From still another side there arises a similar 

 disagreement. The larvae of the genera Apatura 

 and Nymphalis agree very closely in their bodily 

 form and in their forked caudal appendage with 

 the caterpillars of another sub-family of butterflies, 

 the Satyrina, whilst their imagines differ chiefly 

 from those of the latter sub-family in the absence 

 of an enlargement of certain veins of the fore- 

 wings, an essential character of the Satyrince. 



This double disagreement has also been noticed 

 by those systematists who have taken the form of 

 the caterpillar into consideration. Thus, Morris 8 

 attempted to incorporate the genera Apatura and 

 Nymphalis into the family Libytheidte, placing the 

 latter as transitional from the Nymphalida to the 

 Satyridce. But although the imagines of the genera 

 Apatura, Nymphalis, and Libythea may be most 

 closely related as I believe they actually are 

 the larvse are widely different, being at least as 

 different as are those of Apatura and Nymphalis 

 from the remaining Nymphalina. 



Now if we could safely raise Apatura and 

 Nymphalis into a distinct family an arrangement 

 which in the estimation of Staudinger 7 is correct 



6 " Synopsis of the described Lepidoptera of North 

 America." Washington, 1862. 



7 " Catalog der Lepidoptcren dcs Europaischen. Faunenge- 

 bietes." Dresden, 1871. 



