P/ty/ctic Parallelism in Met amor f^hic Species. 445 



characters of the larva?, and these, as far as I am 

 able to judge, would agree with the genera founded 

 on the imagines. 



The genus Me/if tra, for example, can be charac- 

 terized by the possession of 7 9 fleshy tubercles 

 bearing hairy spines ; the genus Argynnis maybe 

 distinguished by always having six hairy un- 

 branched spines on each segment, and the genus 

 Cethosia by two similar spines on each segment ; 

 the genus Vanessa shows sometimes as many as 

 seven branched spines ; and the genus Limenitis 

 never more than two branched blunt spines on 

 each segment, and so forth. If we go further into 

 details it will be seen that the most closely related 

 imagines, as might indeed have been expected, 

 likewise possess the most nearly allied larvae, whilst 

 very small differences between the imagines are 

 also generally represented by corresponding dif- 

 ferences in the larvae. Thus, for instance, the 

 genus Vanessa of Fabricius has been divided into 

 several genera by later authors. Of these sub- 

 genera, Grapta, Doubl. (containing the European 

 C.-album, the American Fabrieii^ Interrogation! s, 

 FdunuSj Comma^ &c.), is distinguished by the 

 fact that the larvce not only possess branched spines 

 on all the segments with the exception of the pro- 

 thorax, but these spines are also present on the 

 head ; in the genus Vanessa (sensA strictiori), 



Doubl., the head and prothorax are spineless (e.g. 



V. Urtices) ; in the tropical genus Junonia, Hiibn., 



