Appendix. 543 



of the Maracuja group and from the whole of the great 

 Nymphalideous group (Danaina, Satyrina, Elymniinte, 

 Brassolina, Morphines, Acraina and Nymphalime), but 

 from almost all other butterflies. The larva pupates on the 

 underside of a leaf ; the pupa is fastened by the tail, 

 but does not hang down like the pupae of the other 

 Nymphalida, its last segments are so curved that the 

 breast of the chrysalis is in contact with the underside 

 of the leaf. I am not acquainted with any other pupa 

 among those not suspended by a girdle which assumes 

 such a position. Something similar occurs, however, in 

 the pupa of Stalacktis, which is without a girdle, and 

 according to Bates, is ' kept in an inclined position by 

 the fastening of the tail.' By this peculiarity Bates 

 distinguishes the Stalachtina from the Libytheiz with 

 pupae ' freely suspended by the tail.' 



" Besides through this peculiar position of the body, 

 the pupa of Eueulcs Isabella is distinguished by short 

 hooked and long narrow sabre-like pairs of processes on 

 the back and head. Its colour is whitish, yellowish, 

 or sordid yellowish-grey ; in the last variety both the 

 four long dorsal processes and the surrounding portions, 

 as well as the points of the other processes, remain 

 white or yellowish. The pupa EnciJcs Aliphera is very 

 similar, only all the processes are somewhat shorter, the 

 four longest (dorsal) and some other markings being 

 black. 



" Now if, as Weismann has attempted to show for 

 larvae and imagines, the form-divergence always ' cor- 

 responds exactly with the divergence in the mode of life,' 

 the question arises as to what difference in the conditions 

 of life has brought about such a considerable form-diver- 

 gence between the pupa? of such closely-allied species 

 as the Maracuja butterflies. In pupa? which do not cat 

 or drink, and which have neither to seek in courtship nor 

 to care for progeny, it is only protection from foes that 



