chap.vn.j THE FACE. 109 



been ruptured subcutaneously, leading to extravasa- 

 tion of saliva. Wounds of the duct are apt to lead to 

 salivary fistulas. When the fistula involves the buccal 

 segment of the duct it may be cured by opening the 

 duct into the mouth on the proximal side of the 

 fistula. Fistulse of the masseteric segment are, on the 

 other hand, very difficult to relieve. At least one-half 

 of the buccal part of the duct is embedded in the 

 substance of the buccinator muscle. A salivary fistula 

 over the masseter may involve the parotid gland 

 itself, or that part of it known as the socia parotid is. 

 Inflammatory conditions may spread to the parotid 

 from the mouth along Stenson's duct. 



3. The upper and lower jaws, and parts 

 connected with them. 



The superior maxilla (for antrum, see Nose, 

 page 96 ; for hard palate, see Mouth, page 129). 

 This bone, on account of its fragility, and the 

 manner in which it is hollowed out, is very readily 

 fractured. The fracture may be due to direct violence, 

 as by a blow from a " knuckle-duster," or it may 

 be broken by a force transmitted from the lower 

 jaw through the teeth, as in cases of severe blows or 

 falls upon the chin. It may be broken by a blow 

 upon the head, when the chin is fixed, no other bone 

 being damaged ; and, lastly, it may be crushed, as 

 above stated, by the driving in of the malar bone. 

 The displacement of the fragments depends upon the 

 direction and degree of the force employed, no 

 muscles having effect. The bone being very vascular, 

 serious injuries, involving great loss of substance, are 

 often wonderfully repaired. Its hollowness, and the 

 cavities that it helps to bound, render it possible 

 for large foreign bodies to be retained in the 

 deeper parts of the face. Thus, Longmore reports 

 " the case of Lieutenant Fretz, of the Ceylon Rifles, 

 who was able to do his military duties for nearly 



