14 FARMERS' BULLETIN 621. 



NOTES ON THE FOREGOING LIST. 



Bayberry. Usual trade name is Hyrica cerifera. 



Hackberry. Fruit scarce in late May and June. Celtis serrata, C. bungeana, 

 or C. mississippiensis may be substituted. 



Mulberry. Morus tatarica may be used. 



Pokeweed. Let it grow through shrubs or a trellis which will support it in 

 winter. 



Barberry. Berberis amurensis, B. aristata, B. regeliana, and B. rehderiana are 

 good substitutes. The universally planted B. thunbergi seems to be of very 

 little value as bird food. 



Sassafras. Appears in most catalogs as 8. officinale or 8. sassafras. 



Flowering apple. The following may be substituted : P. baccata, P. halliana, 

 P. parkmanni, P. sargentii, and P. toringo. 



Chokeberry. Often called Pyrus or Aronia nigra. P. arbutifolia, another native 

 species, retains its fruit just as long, but the fruit becomes very dry toward 

 the end of the season. 



Cherry. Primus cerasifera, P. fruticosus, P. japonica pendula, P. sargentii, and 

 P. tomentosa, all introduced, are worth -adding. 



Sumac. Rhus copallina or R. hirta (typhina) may be substituted for R. glabra. 



Juneberry. Amelanchier canadensis, sold by nurserymen, is a composite species. 

 Several species are now recognized, among which A. laevis is a notably early 

 fruiter and A. sanguinea a late one. Some fruit of juneberries occasionally 

 hangs much later than the season indicated, but in very dry condition. 



Thorns. The species recommended are those usual in the trade. So far as 

 desirability is concerned many native species could be substituted. 

 Cotoneasters, such as C. coccinea, C. horizontalis, C. microphylla, C. ro- 

 tundifolia, and C. tomentosa, may also be used. 



Strawberry. Often called Fragaria vesca var. americana. F. virginiana is a 

 fair substitute. Little dealt in ; must usually be transplanted from woods 

 and fields. 



Blackberry. Rubus triflorus is frequently called R. americanus. 



Rose. All native species have persistent fruit. The small-fruited ones are best 

 for birds. Rosa Carolina and R. nitida are suitable for low grounds; and 

 R. humilis (sometimes called virginiana) and R. setigera may be planted 

 in drier places. R. micrantha and R. multiflora are among the best intro- 

 duced roses. 



Black alder. Ilex laevigata may be used instead of /. verticillata. /. serrata is 

 a good introduced species. 



Mountain holly. Drops most of its berries in the fall; only a few persist 

 throughout the season indicated. 



Bittersweet. Celastrus orbiculatus, introduced, may be used. 



Buckthorn. Rhamnus dahurica is equally good. 



Virginia creeper. Often sold under the names Ampelopsis and Parthenocissus. 

 A. Jieterophylla and P. vitacea may be substituted. 



Wild pepper. Hippophae rhamnoides may replace it, especially along coast. 



Oleaster. Elaeagnus longipes, E. multiflora, E. parviflora, and E. umbellata 

 also are good. 



Buffalo berry. Shepherdia (Lepargyrea) argentea, the true buffalo berry, fur- 

 nishes good bird food. 



Dogwood. Cornus paniculata (candidissima), native, and C. alba and C. san- 

 guinea, introduced, are worthy substitutes. 



Huckleberry. Gaylussacia baccata is often sold as G. resinosa. 



