HOW TO AT3,ptti>6,*K:' 15 



Blueberry. Any species may be substituted. 



Cranberry. Generic name often given as Oxycoccus. 



Privet. Ligustrum acumlnatum, L. amurense, L. ciliatum, L. ibota, and L. 



microcarpum, all introduced, are equally good. Must not be clipped; ber- 



ries borne on outer twigs. 



Purpleberry. Variety japonica is the hardy form. 

 Honeysuckle. Lonicera glauca, L. canadensis, L. oUongifolia, and L. semper- 



virens, native, and L. maackii, introduced, may be substituted. 

 Snowberry. Symphoricarpus occidentalis is just as good. 



Viburnum. V. dentatum, native, and V. sieboldii, introduced, are worth adding. 

 Elder. Sambucus nigra, introduced, also is valuable. 



PROTECTING CULTIVATED FRUITS. 



Birds devour cultivated fruit principally because the processes 

 of cultivation dimmish the wild supply. The presence of wild fruit 

 in a locality always serves to protect domestic varieties, especially 

 when the wild trees or shrubs are of the same kind as the cultivated 

 ones and ripen earlier. 



Table 2 (p. 16) shows in a graphic way the species which may be 

 used to protect the principal classes of cultivated fruits 



PLANTS FOR THE SHORE. 



Where the coast is rocky and the soil of ordinary character, con- 

 ditions are little different from those inland, and except in relation 

 to exposure there need be no especial preference given in the choice 

 of plants. It is worth mentioning, however, that several trees and 

 shrubs are better adapted to withstand the winds so prevalent on the 

 coast. These include three species of juniper (Juniperus communis, 

 J. horizontalis, and /. virgirdana), common barberry, English thorn, 

 hybrid crabapple, European and American mountain ashes, smooth 

 and staghorn sumacs, privets, buckthorn, and red-berried elder. 

 Where the soil is chiefly sand, and that often shifting, conditions 

 are not suited to many plants. Selection may be made, however, 

 from the following, all of which are known to thrive in such sur- 

 roundings : 



For seed eaters. Beach grass (Ammophila arenaria and Calamo- 

 vilfa longifolia], Polygonum sachalinense, and sunflower. 



For fruit eaters. Bayberry (Myrica cerifera), sea buckthorn 

 (Hippophae rhamnoides}, sand cherry (Prunus pumila or P. cu- 

 neata), beach plum (Prunus maritima), cranberries, and bearberry 

 (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi). 



[The Biological Survey will be pleased to receive information 

 supplementary to that here given regarding any plants that actual 

 trial has shown to be valuable as bird food, and their fruiting 

 seasons.] 



