CONSTRUCTION. 23 



This is not equal to a cubic yard of concrete mixed, which 

 takes 30 cubic feet of ballast and sand, and 3 J cubic feet of lime, 

 measured dry. Thames ballast contains about two parts of 

 gravel to one of sand. 



All outside walls for stables should be one and a half brick Outside walls, 

 thick, as damp and cold easily penetrate through 9-inch work. 



In the walls forming the divisions between stables, piers Intermediate 

 14 or 18 inches wide may be used, as shown on Plates 34 and ^^ ^* 

 35, by which means the intermediate brickwork can be reduced 

 to 9 inches, the piers projecting 2J inches from either face of 

 the wall, but they should occur at those places only where the 

 principals of the roof are sustained, and will be improved in 

 appearance if the angles are finished with bull-nosed bricks ; 

 it is better, however, to carry the 14-inch work to about 3 feet 

 9 inches from the level of the floor. This is especially 

 necessary where provision is made by brick corbelling for the 

 support of the manger, as shown on Plate 20, Fig. 4 ; and care 

 must be taken in construction that the sailing courses, as they 

 are termed, consist entirely of headers built in cement ; each 

 of the four courses (the extreme projection of which is 

 4 J inches), should break joint with the one below it ; all brick 

 corbels should be executed in this way ; those for the support 

 of wall plates, for instance, though the author does not recom- 

 mend their use. 



The brickwork in all cases should be carried through beneath Foundation 

 the openings for doors, drains, &c., and the fixing of the door- '*^^^^^- 

 frames to the brickwork should, in the case of stables, be 

 especially strong. The frames should.be secured by pieces of 

 hoop-iron screwed to three wooden bricks built firmly into the 

 brickwork at equal distances on each side of the opening, and 

 these, together with all other frames, bedded and pointed in 

 lime and hair. 



Relieving arches must also be turned over ; all the openings Relieving 

 as shown on Fig. 6, which illustrates the window of a corn ^^^ ^^' 

 store, swung on pivots. 



