48 STABLE BUILDING AND STABLE FITTING. 



9 cubic yards. It is built in brick in cement in two half-brick 

 rings, well grouted, and resting on a bottom of Portland cement 

 concrete, which projects 6 inches beyond the external radius of 

 the wall, the latter having a backing of 9 inches of puddle, com- 

 posed of well-tempered clay. The interior is rendered through- 

 out in Portland cement ij inch thick. The top is domed over 

 with concrete, the upper surface sloping funnel-shape to a 

 central iron grating 2 feet 6 inches in diameter, acting also as 

 a manhole, through which the manure is drained into the 

 cesspool. 

 Mnnure-pit The manure-pit is 9 feet in diameter, and the walls are 



with cesspool, c^^j-j-iefi y^^ to a height of 2 feet 9 inches above the level of 

 the yard. The whole can be covered with a roof if it is con- 

 sidered necessary to protect the manure from being diluted 

 by the rain which would filter into the cesspool, the more 

 solid refuse would be removed in the ordinary manner by a 

 barrow. 



In large stables, a separate system of drainage is sometimes 

 added to receive the surface water, such as the washing of 

 the yard and the rainfall, and to convey it to an adjacent 

 ditch, and if this is done the value of the manure is con- 

 siderably increased. 



As a large area is usually supplied by the roofing of stables, 

 it is often worth while to collect the rain water into a sub- 

 merged tank. This may be made entirely of concrete and 

 lined with cement, which has been done by tlie Author in three 

 or four cases. Earthenware pipes of 3-inch diameter with a 

 fall of I inch in 10 feet, are usually large enough for the 

 purpose, but where the length is considerable, 4-inch pipes are 

 necessary. The tank must of course be of corresponding 

 dimensions to the area of the roofs, taking the rainfall (in 

 London) at 24 inches per annum ; and the water can be raised 

 by an ordinary hand-pump. 



It is unnecessary to comment upon the superiority of soft 

 water over hard for medical purposes, and for cleaning harness. 



Surface 

 drainage. 



Rain water. 



Advantage 

 of soft water 



