FITTINGS AND DETAILS. 79 



bond timbers (4 inches by 3 inches, and 5 feet 6 inches long) 

 built into the wall, and bedded in lime and hair, with three 

 5-inch spikes to each plank, the bottom of the boards being 

 buried 3 inches below the level of the paving, as shown on 

 Plate 35. 



The chopped food which is now so universally given to Mange . 

 horses, has simplified the construction of mangers, especially 

 in large stables where the water is provided in troughs in the 

 yard, 



A plain trough of oak or elm boards, bound on the outer 

 edge with sheet iron and firmly secured to the wall, may be 

 considered the best and most economic manger for farm horses 

 and the like, and they can be made for about half the cost of the 

 simplest ones in iron. A manger of this description, designed by 

 the Author, is illustrated on Plate 20 (Fig. 4), the enlarged 

 details of which will be found on Plate 21. It will be seen 

 that by an arrangement of the washers, the bolts which help to 

 secure the manger to the wall, and at the same time prevent the 

 horse from tossing out his food, are made to carry the rings for 

 halter-tying. This kind of manger is exceedingly strong, and 

 dispenses with the inconvenient post and cross-bearer shown on 

 Plate 20 (Fig. 3), which is, however, sometimes preferred when 

 the manger runs along an external wall ; but if the brickwork 

 is 14 inches thick, and the bolts as well as the sailing courses 

 are built in with cement for about four courses in height, the 

 manger will be found sufficient to resist the most eccentric 

 antics of any horse, and is especially suited for heavy con- 

 tractors' horses, and for those of brewers and farmers. 



When the wooden posts are used they should be left rough Manger posts, 

 and bedded in concrete, after having been charred or well 

 coated twice with tar, otherwise the moisture, by finding its way 

 along the surface of the wood, will cause its rapid decay. 

 Where bales are used and divisions between the manger in 

 the absence of partitions rendered imperative, they should be 

 capped with sheet iron let in flush with the surface and secured 



