APPENDIX II 179 



especially of ponds, contain larger or smaller quantities of 

 small floating fruits, mostly of the dry and indehiscent class. 



I. Cocoanuts with the husks on, may often be obtained 

 through the wholesale dealers in fruits. 



CHAPTER XXXIII 



SPORE REPRODUCTION 



General Reading 

 Kerner and Oliver, Volume II, Part i, pp. 8-25 and 49-70. 



THE subject of spore reproduction, even in the narrower 

 and limited sense in which the writer has used it, is so com- 

 plex that it should really be considered in a course of study 

 devoted especially to it, and requiring the use of the com- 

 pound microscope and more complicated methods of ma- 

 nipulation than the writer considers best for beginners in 

 botanical observation. At this point, however, the students 

 may, with profit, if time and the facilities allow, take up a 

 short course devoted entirely to the cryptogams. 



Spores are of two kinds, as may be seen from the refer- 

 ences above. They may be the result of a sexual process, 

 i.e. of fertilization ; or they may arise without any sexual 

 process whatever. The spores recommended in the guide 

 are all of the latter kind. They are introduced here simply 

 to illustrate this kind of reproductive body, and the examples 

 recommended are chosen first because they are fairly 

 readily obtainable, and second, because they represent 

 several of the more conspicuous and important groups of 

 spore-plants. If compound microscopes are available, the 

 spores and sporangia, at least, may be examined more care- 



