CONIFER^?^:. 



311 



scale. Fruit formed of the fleshy scales, subglobose, berry-like, con- 

 taining 1 to 3 hard seeds. Cotyledons oblong, 2 in number. Leaves 

 scale-like, subulate, lanceolate, evergreen. Trees and shrubs. 



I. J. communis, L. (Common Juuiper.) Trunk ;") to 10 feet in height (in cul- 

 tivation 15 to -20 ieet liigh), branches numerous, erect. Leaves in whorls, from 

 half to three quarters of an inch long, sharply lanceolate, channelled, keeled 

 l)elow, and l)ristly pointed, green underneath, and glaucous above. Sterile 

 flowers in little axillary cones. Fertile flowers, on a separate plant, axillary 

 and sessile. Fruit dark-blue, subglobose : berries ripening tlie next year after 

 the flower appears ; sweet, witli a taste of turpentine ; they contain sugar, and 

 on fermentation yield a beverage resembling gin. 



Var. pyramidalis of tlie nurserymen is a seedling, and is a very compact, 

 graceful form in planted grounds. 



Var. prostrata (synonyms: Var. alpina, L., J. nana, Willd.) is a prostrate, 

 straggling form, covering sometimes an area of tifty square feet ; branchlets 

 assurgent. 



2 J. Virginiana. L. (Red Cedar.) Trunk 25 to 50 feet in height, branches 



extended, making a broad, pyramidal head, 

 on the old branches, longer and sharper on 

 the young wood, closely iml)ricated, and 

 very dark-green ; the fertile and sterile 

 florets on separate trees, inconspicuous in 

 longish terminal aments. Fruit, a blue 

 berry, covered with a whitish bloom, size 

 of a small pea; sap wood white; heart 

 wood reddish, light, close-grainetl, and very 

 durable. It sows itself and sports freely, 

 producing several forms as to foliage and 

 ramification, one of which is sufficiently 

 conspicuous to be entitled to the dignity 

 of a variety. 



Var. forma cylindrica. Stem 10 to .30 

 feet high, branching profusely, branches 

 growing nearly ])arallel with the trunk, 

 forming a compact, cylindrical head, mak- 

 ing a beautiful object in the landscape. 



Leaves verv small and scale-like 



JuNTPERus VmoiNiANA (Red Cedar). 



.3. J. Bermudiana, L. (Pencil Cedar.) This species is a beautiful, long-leaved 

 variety found in the West Indies. The wood is soft and close-grained, and 

 used for making lead pencils. 



There are other cedars in Europe and Asia. 



Geograph I/. — The J. communis is a native of middle and western Europe, 

 northern Asia, and North America. J, Virginiana is a native of North 

 America and the West India islands ; it is found all aloncr the eastern coa.st 

 of the Atlantic, and as far we.st as the foothills of the Kockv .Mountains. 



Ef,/mo/orj,/.—J„n;penis is the Latin for juniper, from jurenis, voung, and 

 p.trere, produce, referring to the presence of the old fruit after the new has 

 appeared. Cedar is from the Greek K^Spos. a cedar-tree. 



Use. — The J. communis is a favorite in planted jrrounds; it bears the 

 knife, and may be pruned into any degree of dwarfage. The fruit is used to 



