TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PREFACE xi 



INTRODUCTION 1 



The work of a botanical survey 1 



Importance of studying a natural area 2 



The Minnesota valley as a natural area 3 



History of botanical investigation in the Minnesota valley. . . 4 

 Bibliographical list of publications relating to the plants of 



Minnesota 5 



Care and identification of material 9 



Citation of herbarium specimens 9 



Determination of ranges outside of Minnesota 10 



Citation of generic and family ranges 10 



Citation of authors of genera and species 11 



Synonymy and orthography 13 



Citation of genera and families 15 



Generic synonymy and limitation 16 



Arrangement of families and genera 18 



Natural divisions of the vegetable kingdom 18 



Characters of the Metaspermae 22 



Characters of the Archispermae 23 



The production of "seeds" 24 



The classification of Engler and Prantl 24 



Subdivisions of the Metaspermae 27 



Literature bearing upon metaspermic polymorphism 29 



Statistical discussions 30 



LIST OF HIGHER SEED-PRODUCING PLANTS (METASPERMAE) NA- 

 TIVE TO THE VALLEY OF THE MINNESOTA 31 



Monocotyledones 31 



I. Typhaceae 31 



II. Sparganiaceae 32 



III. Potamogetonaceae 33 



IV. Najadaceae 40 



V. Juncagineae 41 



VI. Alisniaceae 42 



VII. Hydrocharitaceae 45 



VIII. Gramineae 47 



IX. Cyperaceae 89 



X. Aroideae 130 



XI. Lemnaceae 132 



XII. Xyridaceae 135 



XIII. Eriocaulaceae . . 135 



