VEGETATION OF THE STRAND. 599 



these dunes finally became forested. The influence of man is 

 here well shown in some cases where the forest has been cut from 

 these fossil dunes. In some cases the land thus deforested has 

 been pastured by sheep. The vegetation was thus so nearly 

 removed that the wind has been able to play upon the sand 

 again, resulting in extensive " blowouts" or "dugouts," and some 

 of these old dunes have sprung into life again. 



1092. Methods for checking the movement of dunes. Suc- 

 cessful efforts have been made in some cases to check the move- 

 ment of dunes by planting grasses, especially those species which 

 have been found to make good dune-formers. Among dune- 

 formers on the Gulf coast may be mentioned the salt and creeping 

 panicums (P. halophilum and P. repens), sea-oats (Uniola panicu- 

 lata), and the seacoast marsh elder (Iva imbricata), which forms 

 small " pedestal" dunes according to Lloyd. Along the Atlantic 

 coast, beach plants and dune-formers are marram-grass (Ammo- 

 phila arenaria), sea-oats (Uniola paniculata), sea-beach panicum 

 (P. amarum), and the seacoast marsh elder (Iva imbricata). 



