THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II 707 



yellowish white and very callow. The pupa forms burrows in the loose 

 gravel, these being vertical, or, more often, a little oblique. The diameter of 

 the burrow is a little greater than that of the pupa. The length varies, the 

 burrow for a young pupa being a mere chamber inclosing the individual 

 and located from one-half to one inch below the surface. As the pupa 

 becomes older, by a bobbing up-and-down motion it lengthens the burrow 

 upward until finally it penetrates the surface layer and forms a small 

 shot-like opening. Here the pupa rests, often bobbing up and down 

 with a rhythmic motion, but ducking down into the burrow when danger 

 threatens. The length of the burrow is rarely more, but usually less, 

 than twice the length of the pupa. A few of the pupae seem to be 

 inclosed in a very delicate silken tube and the salivary glands seem to 

 be well adapted for the purpose of forming silk; but the great majority 

 of the pupae are entirely naked. The indoor pupal period varies from 

 one hundred and seventy to one hundred and seventy-three hours, or a 

 little more than seven days. The outdoor pupal period, however, is 

 undoubtedly longer, unless the weather is very warm. 



The emergence of the adults usually takes place during the late hours 

 of the morning, the greatest number emerging between ten o'clock and 

 noon. When ready to emerge, the pupa pushes part of its body out of the 

 earth, the posterior two-thirds or half remaining attached to the soil. 

 If it projects farther than this, its transformation seems to be a very 

 difficult operation. The pupa bends backward and forward constantly, 

 flexing the body dorso-ventrally. This motion appears to exhaust it, 

 since it frequently rests. The skin splits lengthwise up the mesonotum 

 and the adult emerges. The male has difficulty in extricating its very 

 long antennae from their sheaths. The tips of the fore femora are placed 

 underneath the sharp spines of the flagellum, aftd by raising the legs the 

 insect pulls the antennae slightly outward. These spines are regularly 

 spaced, and, since both fore legs work in unison, the spines function as cogs 

 and the whole antenna is gradually forced from the pupal sheath. The body 

 is ca-rried very straight and stiff during the operation, and the abdomen 

 is very long and pale. The drawing out of the extreme tips of the antennae 

 is usually accomplished by the insect flexing its whole body backward. 

 When the antennae are freed, the insect walks a few steps from the cast skin, 

 withdrawing its abdomen from the case. (The emergence of E. spinosa 

 is shown in Plate XII, 1.) A drop of nearly colorless liquid is excreted 



