THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II 735 



HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE IMMATURE STAGES 



The discovery and description of the immature stages of crane-flies 

 has by no means kept pace with the taxonomic work that has been done 

 on the adult flies. There are a very large number of common species in 

 every country concerning whose early stages nothing at all is known, 

 and the knowledge that exists concerning a comparatively small number 

 results from the labors of a few students. Among these may be mentioned 

 Beling, Mik, Brauer, Hart, Needham, and Malloch. Some other workers 

 have given excellent descriptions of single species, while still others have 

 contributed important treatises on the anatomy, morphology, histology, 

 and related subjects of the different species. The descriptions of the 

 earlier workers are, for the most part, of historical interest only, but 

 in a few cases they are exceptional and are still the main source of informa- 

 tion concerning certain species. Many of the foremost workers on the 

 taxonomy of the adult flies have summarized the earlier writings on the 

 immature stages but have themselves contributed little to the subject, 

 among these being Schiner, Loew, Osten Sacken, Skuse, and Brunetti. 

 The following chronological summary gives an indication of the more 

 important work that has been done on this phase of the subject: 



1722 Frisch Tipula oleracea 



1740 De Reaumur Ptychoptera, Tipula 



1776 De Geer Phalacrocera, Ctenophora, Tipula 



1803 Schellenberg Cylindrotoma 



1829 Stannius 'Limnobia xanthoptera [=bifasciata] 



1832 (Posthumous). Lyonet Ptychoptera 



1833 Bouche 'Dictenidia sp., Tipula sp. 



1834 Von Roser Hexatoma nigra 



1838 Boie Cylindrotoma 



1840 Dufour Trichocera 



1842 Zeller Cylindrotoma 



1846 Bremi-Wolf Trichocera, Limnobia xanthoptera [=bifasciata], 



Nephrotoma 



1849 Perris Trichocera, Limnophila dispar, Ula, Tanyptera 



1854 Brauer, Egger, and 



Frauenfeld Chionea 



1867 Nowicki Dactylolabis wodzickii 



1872 Weyenbergh Ctenophora, Dictenidia: anatomy and histology 



1873-86 Beling The immature stages of 69 species of European 



Tipulidae, including 30 species of Tipula 



1875-76 Hammond Tipula oleracea: anatomy 



1876 Grobben Ptychoptera: anatomy 



1876-1902 De Rossi Liogma glabrata, Tanyptera atrata 



1880 Hermann Tanyptera atrata 



1882-1900 Mik Discobola, Elliptera, Dactylolabis, Tipula rufina, 



etc. 



