736 CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER 



1883 Brauer Important work on the classification of the 



immature stages 



1884 Gercke Rhamphidia longirostris, Tanyptera atrata 



1890 Van Gehuchten Ptychoptera : histology of alimentary canal 



1893-97 Miall Dicranota, Phalacrocera 



1895 [1898] Hart Pioneer American worker; Bittacomorpha, etc. 



1897 Bengtsson Phalacrocera : anatomy 



190Q-09 Johnson Teucholabis, Aeshnasoma, etc. 



1901 Kellogg Holorusia grandis (as rubiginosa) : anatomy 



1901 Miiggenberg Liogma glabrata 



1901-08 Needham Dicranomyia simulans, Pedicia albivitta, Rhaphi- 



dolabis, Tipula ultima (as flavicans) 



1907-08 Steinmann Triogma trisulcata 



1908 Holmgren Phalacrocera: mouth parts 



1908 Anthon Ctenophora angustipennis : anatomy 



1908-09 Pastejrlk Limnobia xanihoptera, Ctenophora 



1908-09 Mtiller Triogma trisulcata 



1909 Brocher Tipula lunata 



1909 Greene Tipula trivittata 



1909 Thienemann Dicranomyia trinotata 



1910 Brown Tipula maxima : anatomy 



1910 Hyslop Tipula cunctans (as infuscata) 



1911. Vimmer Ctenophora, Tipula oleracea: mouth parts 



1911-16 De Meijere Trentepohlia pennipes, Tipulodina pedata, and 



several European species 



1912 Keilin Trichocera: morphology 



1913 Caudell Tipula ultima (as flavicans) 



1913 Gerbig Anatomy of the respiratory system of many 



European species of Tipulidae 



1913 Picado Trentepohlia bromeliadicola 



1914 Del Guercio Tipula oleracea 



1914^16 Topsent Ptychoptera albimana 



1914-19 Alexander Dicranoptycha, L-la, Eriocera, Hexatoma, Penth- 



optera, Liogma, Prionocera, Tipula arctica 



1915 Swezey Dicranomyia foliocuniculator 



1915 Lovett Ctenophora angustipennis 



1915 Wesenberg-Lund Dicranota, Phalacrocera, Triogma 



1915-17 Malloch Limnobia immatura, Gnophomyia, and, in his 



uncertain material, Antocha, Elephantomyia 



1916-17 Rennie Tipula paludosa 



1918 Cameron Cylindrotoma splendens 



1920 Hudson Gnophomyia rufa, Limnophila sirristra 



1920 Lenz Thaumastoptera, Cylindrotominae 



ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 



The larvae of some species of crane-flies, almost all belonging to the 

 genera Tipula and Nephrotoma, often do considerable damage to various 

 crop species, the injury being largely caused by the larvae devouring the 

 roots and thus killing the plants. Certain of these crane-fly species, as 

 Tipula oleracea, T. paludosa, and Nephrotoma maculata in Europe, and 

 Tipula bicornis and Nephrotoma ferruginea in America, have long been 

 known, but several others have come into prominence only within the 



