THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II 737 



past ten years, notably ' Tipula parva Lw. (supposition) in Japan, and 

 T. cunctans and T. simplex in North America. The more important out- 

 breaks of this nature which have been recorded are as follows. 



Species affecting herbaceous plants 



Nephrotomaferruginea has been reported by Webster (1891, and 1893 a: 

 243-245) as injuring young wheat in Indiana, the injury in some cases 

 being estimated at fifty per cent. 



Tipula oleracea is the best-known European species in this group, infest- 

 ing a wide range of plants. The more important outbreaks of this species 

 as recorded are as follows: Ewert (1899) reports from Germany an 

 unusually severe attack, in which the larvae of this species and of Tipula 

 nigra did a considerable amount of damage to the roots of grasses. They 

 were so abundant that from ten to twenty could be found in the area of 

 one square foot. Grasses in the infested area were completely destroyed. 

 Ormerod (1885, 1886, 1900) records serious injury by T. oleracea to pastures 

 and meadows in England, and recommends applications of guano either 

 alone or mixed with salt, kainit, or superphosphate. This species had been 

 recorded also as being a serious pest in Ireland (Anonymous reference, 

 1904b) in grainfields and meadows, and careful plowing and the use of 

 fertilizers for its control are advised. Schoyen (1903), in Norway, reports 

 serious injury to meadows and pastures, as well as to cereals and young 

 cabbage plants. Del Guercio (1914) records serious injury in the Italian 

 rice fields. 



A few additional outbreaks of Tipula oleracea may be mentioned. 

 Barthou (1913) records injury to canes (raspberry, strawberry, and 

 others) in France. Desoil (1914) reports injury to meadows in France, 

 and Ritzema Bos (1915) to meadows in Holland. 



Tipula paludosa is reported by Lind, Rostrup, and Kolpin Ravn (1914 

 and 1915) as causing serious injury to oats and barley in Denmark, and 

 Rennie (1916 and 1917) reports the same species as injuring corn and 

 pastures in England. 



Tipula flavolineata is reported by Sopotzko (1916) as injuring clover 

 in Russia. The specific identity, however, is probably erroneous, as this 

 species lives almost entirely in .decaying wood (Beling, 1873 b: 581-582). 



Onuki (1905) records Tipula parva Lw. (supposition) as one of the seri- 

 ous rice pests in Japan. In some localities from sixty to ninety per 



