738 CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER 



cent of the seedlings have been destroyed by this species. The larvae 

 apparently cannot exist in water for any long period of time, and so may 

 be killed by flooding the fields for from six to thirty-six hours. Del 

 Guercio (1914) offers the same recommendation for the control of T. 

 oleracea in the Italian rice fields. 



Tipula bicornis has been found in grass and clover lands in Illinois by 

 Forbes (1890), and on clover in Indiana by Webster (1892 a). 



Tipula cunctans, as recorded by Hyslop (1910:126, as T. infuscata), 

 works largely on Japan clover and other leguminous plants. The larvae 

 are often exceedingly numerous, as many as two hundred having been 

 found in an area covering but little more than one square foot of soil. 

 They destroy the plants by devouring the roots and sucking the juices. 

 It is recommended that the infested fields be plowed under before the 

 adult flies emerge (in the autumn), and the following season be planted 

 to corn or potatoes or else left fallow. 



Tipula simplex has been found on pasture land and alfalfa in Cali- 

 fornia by Doane (1908) and by Carnes and Newcomer (1912). Doane 

 (cited by Hyslop, 1910:120-121) also reports an outbreak of this species 

 on wheat and grass lands and in clover fields in central California in 

 1907, and states that thousands of acres of these crops were stripped of 

 their verdure. 



The following summary gives the various species of plants that are 

 damaged or destroyed by crane-flies in general. Very many of the 

 injuries reported for Tipula oleracea, however, are omitted. 



Family Crop Species Authority 



Gramineae Wheat Nephrotoma ferruginea Webster (Indiana), 1891, 1893 a 



Wheat Tipula simplex Hyslop (California), 1910 



Wheat Tipulidae Stedman (Missouri), 1902 



Corn Tipula paludosa Rennie (England), 1917 



Cora Tipula sp Kirk (New Zealand), 1895 



Barley Tipula paludosa Lind, Rostrup, and Kolpin Ravn 



(Denmark), 1915 

 Barley Tipula sp Wahl and Miiller (Germany) , 



1914 



Barley Tipula oleracea Goriatchkovsky (Russia), 1915 



Oats Tipula paludosa Lind, Rostrup, and Kolpin Ravn 



(Denmark), 1914, 1915 



Rice Tipula oleracea Del Guercio (Italy), 1914 



Rice Tipula parva Onuki (Japan), 1905 



Cereals Tipula oleracea Anonymous reference (Ireland) , 



1904 b 

 Cereals Nephrotoma pratensis, , Hollrung (Germany), 1898 



