752 CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER 



plicated, usually having a considerable number of teeth on the cutting 

 edge and a distinct sub-basal arm (prostheca) or prosthecal tuft of hairs. 

 At the same time there are usually one or more setae on the outside of 

 the mandible, near the " heel," or base, of the scrobal region. In the 

 generalized tipulid type there are two apical teeth and two rows of cutting 

 teeth. In other cases, as in the Limnobiini, there are but a single dorsal 

 tooth, a single apical tooth, and a varying number of cutting teeth on 

 the ventral face; in some species of Limnobia the number of teeth in the 

 ventral cutting row is six or seven. In the Tipulini the mandible is often 

 reduced in size (as in Tanyptera), there being but a single dorsal and 

 a single ventral tooth in addition to the apical point; the prostheca, 

 however, is usually well developed. In the Eriopterini but one row of 

 teeth, the ventral, is strongly developed. In the Pediciini and the higher 

 Hexatomini, the mandible is elongate and sickle-shaped, with the few 

 teeth on the cutting edge at about midlength. In Ulomorpha the mandible 

 is hinged at about midlength, the basal part being hollowed out on the 

 inner face to receive the blade in a position of rest. 



The maxillae. The maxillae are usually of simple form. In the 

 generalized types, such as the eucephalous families and the lower groups 

 of the subfamilies of Tipulidae, they consist of a large and distinct trans- 

 versely triangular cardo, a conspicuous stipes, and distinct inner ar,d 

 outer apical lobes. In the Pediciini the lobes are separate in the supposed 

 Adelphomyia larva but are fused together in the highest types (Dicranota) . 

 In the Hexatomini the lobes are reduced to a single long, flattened blade. 

 The outer and inner lobes are usually densely hairy, especially at the tip 

 and on the inner face of the latter. The palpus is uni-articulate and 

 antenniform in the generalized forms, is short-cylindrical with a varying 

 number of tiny sense pegs at the apex, and bears on its face a circular 

 auditory plate similar to that of the antenna. The armature of the inner 

 lobes is varied, in some species being provided with stiff, comblike setae, 

 or projections. 



The pupa 

 General features 



The pupa of the crane-fly is of the so-called "free," or " mummy," 

 type. In only a few cases does the larval skin adhere to the end of the 

 abdomen (Dactylolabis, Cylindrotoma, and some other forms.) The head 

 is usually small, and is ventral in position. Immediately behind the 



