THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II 757 



two or more, basal rings and a much broader posterior ring. The segments 

 are variously armed with setae, or spines. In the Limnobiini and some 

 Hexatomini these occur on the basal annulus, and consist of a transverse 

 welt which is margined (as in Antocha and Elliptera) or covered with 

 abundant microscopic chitinized points. In some Pediciini the setae 

 occupy both the basal and the posterior rings of the intermediate abdominal 

 segments. In the Eriopterini and most Hexatomini, as well as in the 

 tipuline forms, the setae occur on the posterior ring, just before the caudal 

 margin, and consist of a single transverse row of small spines. In the 

 Cylindrotominae the segments are often armed with prominent elongate 

 body projections (Liogma, Triogma). In Phalacrocera elongate lobes 

 are confined to the posterior segments of the -abdomen. In the Pty- 

 chopteridae the segments are densely covered with transverse rows of 

 long tubercles which are replaced by chitinized plates near the posterior 

 margin of the segments. In Bittacomorpha these tubercles are stellate 

 at their tips. 



The dorsum of the cauda in most crane-flies is armed with four, five, 

 or six conspicuous lobes which are often spinous at or near their tips. 

 These represent the lobes that surround the spiracular disk of the larva, 

 and their number generally corresponds to the larval condition. Thus, 

 in the Ptychopteridae there is a single lobe, in the Pediciini there are two, 

 and in the Hexatomini and the Eriopterini there are four or five. In the 

 Tipulinae there are often but four evident lobes, the dorsal pair 

 of the larva not being represented. In some generalized groups, as 

 the Limnobaria, the Rhamphidaria, and others as indicated else- 

 where in this paper, the larval spiracles persist in a more or less functional 

 condition. 



Abdominal spiracles. In the Eriopterini and the Hexatomini there is 

 a distinct and apparently functional spiracle on each pleurite of the second 

 to the seventh abdominal segments, located near the base of the posterior 

 ring. In the Eriopterini these spiracles are small and, in the cast pupal 

 skin, appear tubular or elongate. Smaller vestigial spiracles are evident 

 in most genera of the Tipulidae. 



As has been mentioned earlier in this paper, in certain primitive genera 

 of Tipulidae such as Rhamphidia, Ula, Epiphragma, and to a lesser 

 extent those of Limnobaria there is a pair of rather large spiracles 

 on the dorsum of the eighth segment. In Dactylolabis cubitalis the lateral 



