THE CBANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II 759 



coiled malpighian tubules. Behind the ventriculus lies the small intestine, 

 with a caliber much smaller than that of the ventriculus. At the union 

 of the large and the small intestine is a prominent diverticulum of very 

 large size (in Ctenophora three times as large as in Holorusia). The 

 large intestine gradually dilates behind to form the rectum. 



Phalacrocera has the ventriculus without caeca and the hind intestine 

 without a diverticulum, altho it. is decidedly a herbivorous genus. The 

 condition in Chionea is almost the same. In Phalacrocera, and probably 

 in most other larvae, a peritrophic membrane (a secretion of the epithelium 

 which incases the food and keeps it from direct contact with the epithe- 

 lium) is present. 



There are four malpighian tubules in all the Tipulidae that have been 

 thoroly studied (Chionea, Eriocera, Dicranota, Phalacrocera, Ctenophora, 

 Holorusia, Tipula, and a few others). In the Rhyphidae, likewise, there 

 are four tubules in both the larval and adult stages. In the Ptychop- 

 teridae, however, there are five tubules, as in the Culicidae, the Psy- 

 chodidae, and related families. This might indicate some basis for placing 

 the Ptychopteridae in close proximity to the Culicidae, as has been done 

 by Lameere (1906). 



The salivary glands consist of two large coiled tubules which pass into 

 a collecting duct and unite to form the common collecting duct that opens 

 at the base of the hypopharynx. 



Carnivorous larvae (Dicranota, Eriocera) 



The alimentary canal in the carnivorous type of crane-flies is a short, 

 straight tube, with a minimum of appendages such as caeca and diver- 

 ticula. In Eriocera the esophagus is very long, and the ventriculus is 

 short and without caeca. The malpighian tubules are yellow at their 

 origin, soon passing into an orange-brown color. The intestine is short 

 and straight, without a diverticulum. 



The salivary glands in the newly killed larva of Eriocera spinosa are 

 very conspicuous by their opalescent color, which persists for a day or 

 more after death. These glands consist of two elongate-oval or cylindrical 

 glands, of the opalescent color just mentioned. From the anterior end 

 of each of these glands passes the long, slender, salivary collecting duct, 

 which unites with its fellow to form a common duct opening at the mouth 

 cavity. From the caudal end of each gland is a flattened, almost hyaline, 



