THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II 765 



and the lower Oligocene Baltic amber, has a considerable tropical element 

 apparent as, for instance, Styringomyia, found in both formations, 

 and Trentepohlia, Polymera, and Brachypremna, the last two being 

 amber records. In connection with these two last-named genera, as 

 fossils known only from the Baltic amber, it should be noted that each 

 is found living to-day only in America, where they are confined to the 

 austral and tropical regions. 



The Tanyderidae are represented by the Oligocene Macrochile (amber) 

 and Etoptychoptera. At present this is still a very small group, including 

 but two genera and nine species. 



The Ptychopteridae include a Ptychoptera from the Bohemian Krot- 

 tensee (probably upper Oligocene) and a Bittacomorpha from the 

 Florissant. 



The Rhyphidae (Trichocerinae) are represented by two species from 

 the Baltic amber and one or two additional species from the Miocene. 



The Tipulidae may be considered in general terms only. But one 

 tipulid is listed by Handlirsch as being known from the Mesozoic. In 

 the earliest Tertiaries, however, a variety of species is found in this family 

 which almost parallels their recent development. 



The Limnobiini first appeared in the Eocene (Dicranomyia, Gera- 

 nomyia). In the lower Oligocene, numerous species of Dicranomyia and 

 Rhipidia occurred. In the Miocene, Dicranomyia was common, tho 

 probably not so rich in species as at present. Rhamphidia is found in 

 amber, and Antocha has been described from the Florissant Miocene by 

 Scudder; the latter record, however, seems very doubtful to the writer, 

 judging from Scudder's figure and description. 



The Hexatomini are represented by Ula, Limnophila, Eriocera, and 

 Polymera in amber, and by Limnophila in the Florissant shales. 



There is no record of the Pediciini being preserved as fossils. 



The Eriopterini are well represented in the Baltic amber by Erioptera, 

 Gnophomyia, Gonomyia, and related genera, and also in the Miocene by 

 Gonomyia, Cladura, and others. Toxorhina, an apparent relative of 

 Elephantomyia, occurs in the Baltic amber. 



The Styringomyiini are represented by the only living genus, Styringo- 

 myia, a fly of uncertain affinities, in the Gurnet Bay Oligocene (Cockerell, 

 1917 c and 1919) and in amber, reappearing in the Pleistocene African 

 copal. 



