792 CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER 



and forty genera. The species are found in most parts of the world, being 

 restricted only by intense heat and cold. Crane-flies require moisture 

 in order to complete their development, and, as a consequence, are almost 

 always found in the neighborhood of flowing or stagnant water. No 

 species known to the writer are inhabitants of desert conditions, the 

 nearest approach probably being some Eriopterini, such as Helobia, 

 Trimicra, and other genera. 



The immature stages frequent very wide ranges of habitat, which are 

 indicated elsewhere (page 716). They are readily separable from other 

 related species by the characters outlined on pages 744 to 758. The 

 subfamilies of Tipulidae may be separated by the following keys: 



Larvae 



1. Body provided with elongate spines or leaflike projections. 



Cylindrotominae, pars (p. 959) 

 Body without distinct spines 2 



2. Form depressed, with more or less distinct lateral tubercles; terrestrial on spermatophytic 



plants Cylindrotominae, pars (p. 959) 



Form terete; if depressed, without tubercles 3 



3. Spiracular disk surrounded by six or eight lobes Tipulinae (p. 974) 



Spiracular disk not as above 4 



4. Spiracular disk surrounded by two, four, or five lobes 5 



Spiracular disk with three lobes or without distinct lobes 7 



5. Head capsule massive, the hypopharynx a flattened plate with few teeth; size large 



(aberrant Tipulinae) 6 



Head capsule massive or dissected, if the former the hypopharynx not as above; size 

 usually small Limnobiinae, pars (p. 793) 



6. Spiracular disk with five lobes; lives in moss Genus Dolichopeza Curt. (p. 981) 



Spiracular disk with four slender, hornlike lobes; lives in earth. 



Tipula selene Meig. (p. 1016) 



7. Size large (30 mm. or over); form very stout, terete; head capsule of the tipuline type; 



lives in wood Genus Tanyptera Latr. (p. 988) 



Size small (20 mm. or under); form slender, terete; head capsule of the limnobiine type. 



Limnobiinae, pars. (p. 793) 



Pupae 



1. Basal abdominal segments unarmed with teeth or spinous projections before posterior 



margin 2 



Basal abdominal segments armed with a transverse row of usually small teeth or chitinous 

 projections before posterior margin 3 



2. Last larval skin adhering to posterior end, attaching pupa to a plant stem or a leaf; 



coloration bright green Cylindrotominae, pars (p. 959) 



Not as above Limnobiinae, pars (p. 793) 



3. Maxillary palpi curved or recurved at tips; size large, usually 12 mm. or over. 



Tipulinae, pars (p. 974) 

 Maxillary palpi not recurved at tips 4 



4. Maxillary palpi long, slightly or decidedly curved at tips; size large, length usually 12 mm. 



or over 5 



Maxillary palpi short, straight; size small, usually 10 mm. or under. 



Limnobiinae, pars (p. 793) 



