THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II 843 



Subtribe Epiphragmaria 



So far as is known to the writer, the division Epiphragmaria includes 

 only the genus Epiphragma. The immature stages are of a very primitive 

 organization. The larvae have the head capsule broad and massive, 

 with the posterior incisions very shallow. The labrum is broad, with 

 lateral tufts of hair. The mentum is heavily chitinized, entire, with 

 only a single lateral tooth on either side of the median tooth. The 

 hypopharynx is not chitinized but the entire surface is provided with 

 rows of tiny spinous points, somewhat as in the Dicranoptycharia. The 

 antennae have the terminal papillae hemispherical. The mandibles are 

 not greatly elongated; each has an apical tooth and two rows of lateral 

 teeth. The maxillae are very simple in structure. The abdomen is 

 provided with six ventral creeping-welts. The spiracular disk is large 

 and simple, with the lobes short and obtuse. 



The pupa has the breathing horns heavily chitinized, tapering to acute, 

 slender points. The spiracles on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal 

 segment are large and conspicuous. 



The relationships of this group are obviously with the Rhamphidaria of 

 the Limnobiini and the Ularia of the Hexatomini, the three groups probably 

 being closer together phylogenetically than their arrangement in tribes 

 would indicate. From a study of the adults alone, there seems to be 

 little connection between the genera Rhamphidia, Epiphragma, and Ula, 

 which were placed in three widely separated tribes by Osten Sacken. A 

 study of the immature stages, the structure of the larval head, the abdom- 

 inal creeping- welts, and the dorsal spiracles of the eighth abdominal 

 segment of the pupa, indicate a relationship that cannot be denied. 



Genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken (Gr. upon + partition) 

 1859 Epiphragma 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.* p. 238. 



Larva. Body nearly smooth; basal annul! of abdominal segments 2 to 7 with a naked 

 transverse creeping-welt on ventral surface. Spiracular disk large, with four or five lobes, 

 the dorso-median lobe often reduced. Spiracles large, circular. Anal gills four, retractile. 

 Head capsule massive. Labrum broad, with lateral tufts of hairs and with two setae on 

 anterior margin. Mandible with a blunt apical tooth and two rows of two lateral teeth. 

 Maxilla small, simple; palpus large; inner lobe with a dense tuft of stiff hairs. Antenna 

 two-segmented; basal segment elongate, apical papilla hemispherical. Hypopharynx not 

 chitinized. Mentum entire, with only three teeth a slender median tooth, and a broad, 

 fat tooth on either side. 



