THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II 949 



The immature stages of Cladura flavoferruginea were discovered while 

 this paper was in press. A brief account of the larvae and pupae are 

 given here in order to complete the data. 



The larvae were found in Augurville Woods near Urbana, Illinois. 

 They occurred in soil which was baked hard and dry and which supported 

 scarcely any other insect life. Associated with the larvae when first 

 discovered were larvae of a scarabaeid, Xyloryctes satyrus; a tenebrionid, 

 Meracantha contracta', a few dipterous larvae of the genera Sciara and Psilo- 

 cephala; millepedes of the genus Spirobolus; and a few less common forms 

 of animal life. A layer of dead leaves and other decaying vegetable matter 

 covered the surface, but this had not prevented an almost complete drying 

 out of the soil to a depth varying from six inches to more than a foot. 

 The only other tipulid larvae characteristic of such dry soil are species of 

 Dicranoptycha (page 828). 



The most conspicuous features of the pupa are its exceedingly small 

 size as compared with the adult fly that emerges from it, and the entire 

 lack of protuberant pronotal breathing horns. 



Larva. Length, 10-10.5 mm. 

 Diameter, 1.2 mm. 



Coloration light yellow thruout. 



Form comparatively short and stout. Integument provided with a delicate appressed 

 pubescence; no distinct setae. Basal annulus of abdominal segments 2 to 7 with a transverse 

 area of microscopic points arranged in long transverse rows; last ventral segment with a flat- 

 tened lobe covered with short setae, evidently an organ for shoving. Spiracular disk entirely 

 without lobes, the spiracles being located on the exposed dorso-caudal surface of the last 

 abdominal segment. Head capsule relatively compact; frontal plate broad, only slightly 

 narrowed behind. Labrum quadrate, with conspicuous oval lateral arms. Antenna two- 

 segmented, terminal segment elongate-oval. Mandibles of a herbivorous type, with an apical 

 point and two incomplete rows of teeth on inner, or cutting, face. Mental bars widely 

 separated, each bar provided with two acute teeth at its proximal end. 



Pupa. Length, 6.7 mm. 

 Width, 1.4 mm. 

 Depth, 1.4 mm. 



Coloration pale yellow; head, thorax, and appendages darkening in age. 



Cephalic crest gibbous, entire or feebly bifid, armed on either side with a single powerful 

 bristle; two bristles on vertex and two on front; labrum with a pair of small bristles at each 

 cephalic lateral angle. Labial lobes subquadrate, weakly separated by apex of labral sheath. 

 Palpal sheaths short and stout, straight. Lateral margin of eye produced laterad into a 

 digitiform lobe. Antennal sheaths extending to opposite one-third length of wing sheaths. 

 Pronotal breathing pores entirely sessile. Pronotum and mesonotum armed with 



