970 CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER 



by the males just after they have forsaken the pupal skin and while still 

 teneral and undeveloped. Each female lays about sixty eggs, and these 

 are deposited singly on the leaves or branches, or attached lightly to the 

 axils of the leaves, of Hypnum squarrosum. Egg deposition begins from 

 one-half to one day after copulation, and may be extended, with many 

 interruptions of greater or less extent, thru a whole day. The eggs are 

 from 1 to 1.2 millimeters long, spindle-shaped, yellowish green in color, 

 the chorion with a reticulate sculpturing. After the accomplishment of 

 oviposition the exhausted female soon dies. The larvae when first hatched 

 are 2 millimeters in length and do not yet possess the beautiful moss-green 

 color of the later stage. With the exception of the chitinized head capsule, 

 they appear ashy gray. The numerous thornlike projections are to be 

 noted already in the same positions as those of the developed larva, but 

 do not show the branching of the later stages. In the autumn the young 

 larva grows very slowly, and during the winter it is still very small and 

 difficult to detect. In the spring the growth is greatly accelerated, and 

 the larva becomes fully grown during the latter half of June. While 

 attaining its growth the larva molts several times, probably at least 

 eight the number determined for Phalacrocera by Bengtsson. Pupation 

 occurs in the moss where the larva happens to be. In its green color, 

 with brown blotches, the larva remarkably simulates its host plant and 

 the effect of the shadows cast by the plant stems and leaves. The larvae 

 are extremely sluggish in their habits. 



The American species Liogma nodicornis has been found in various mosses 

 of the genus Hypnum (Alexander, 1914). The immature stages of this 

 species are discussed below. 



The following keys separate the species of Liogma: 



Larvae 



Prothoracic segment bearing four conspicuous dorsal projections about on a line; meso- and 

 metathorax with two pairs of dorsal appendages, each bearing two lateral teeth in front; 

 second abdominal segment with four dorsal appendages, the last two bearing two teeth 

 in front (Palaearctic) glabrata (Meig.) (p. 969) 



Prothoracic segment bearing four inconspicuous dorsal tubercles; meso- and metathorax with 

 two pairs of dorsal appendages, the anterior pair small, both pairs simple; second abdominal 

 segment with four dorsal appendages, the last two bearing a single small tooth in front 

 (Nearctic) nodicwnis (O. S.) (p. 971) 



