998 CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER 



Genus Tipula Linnaeus (Lat. a water-strider) 



1758 Tipula Linn. Syst. Natur., ed. 10, p. 585. 



1842 Pterelachisus Rond. Mag. Zool. Ins., pi. 106. 



1864 Anomaloptera Lioy. Atti dell' Institut Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 218. 



1887 Oreomyza Pokorny. Wien. Ent. Ztg., vol. 6, p. 50. 



1894 Manapsis Scudder. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 32, p. 222. 



1894 Rhadinobrochus Scudder. Proc.. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 32, p. 223. 



1894 Tipulidea Scudder. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 32, p. 238-239. 



1916 Nippotipula Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 457-458. 



1916 Platytipula Mats. Thous. Ins, Japan, add. 2, p. 459. 



1916 Yamatotipula Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 461-462. 



1916 Togotipula Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 465. 



Larva.- Form generally stout, terete or nearly so. Integument with pubescence and 

 almost invariably with a definite chaetotaxy. Spiracular disk surrounded by six or rarely 

 eight lobes, simple, or in certain species (as T. abdominalis) more or less split at their tips. 

 Spiracles small and widely separated (in T. abdominalis}, or in other species large and rather 

 close together. Anal gills almost invariably present, with six or eight branches, these 

 branches simple, not pinnate. Head capsule compact and massive. Labrum broadly trans- 

 verse. Mandible usually small, with few teeth, ventral cutting edge with usually two or 

 three teeth. Maxilla rather complicated, of the generalized tipuline structure. Antenna 

 usually elongated, basal segment two to four times as long as it is thick, stouter in species 

 living in decaying wood. Mentum with seven to nine teeth. Hypopharynx a flattened 

 plate, anterior margin usually with five teeth. 



Pupa.- Form generally stout. Cephalic crest lacking or very small, with rudimentary 

 setae. Mouth parts as in the subfamily, sheaths of maxillary palpi strongly recurved 

 at tips. Pronotal breathing horns subequal in length, short, stout, usually straight, tips 

 but little expanded. Mesonotum transversely wrinkled, in some wood-inhabiting species 

 (as T. trivittata) with about four conspicuous tubercles. Wing sheaths and leg sheaths 

 moderate in length. Abdominal armature usually strong, each segment with a posterior 

 row of four to twenty spines; in some species a basal ventral row of spines on posterior ring 

 of segments. Cauda with dorsal armature of four powerful lobes; eighth segment adding, 

 as a rule, ten spines, of which six are ventral and lateral in position, and two or four are dorsal; 

 dorso-median pair lying between anterior pair of lobes of cauda, as discussed above, and 

 lacking or very reduced in some wood-inhabiting species (T. trivittata). Lateral abdominal 

 spiracles lacking or merely vestigial. 



Tipula is the largest genus of crane-flies, comprising a vast assemblage 

 of species (between six and seven hundred described forms) which are 

 found on all the continental areas of the world but are few in the Austral- 

 asian region and apparently lacking on many of the lesser oceanic islands. 

 The genus is one of extreme interest, and its study will require many 

 years of conscientious application. Subapterous species are not rare in 

 this group, of which many are far northern forms, others are coastal spe- 

 cies, while a few live inland and under influences that make it difficult to 

 explain their subapterous condition. 



