THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II 1017 



In Europe, Beling and others have described the life histories of about 

 eight of the commoner species. The following species live in. earth, 

 beneath a covering of leaf mold: analis (Schum.), cornitina (Linn.), lineata 

 (Scop.), maculata (Meig.), lunulicornis (Schum.), pratensis (Linn.). The 

 following have been described as living in decaying wood, some of the 

 records apparently being in error: cornicina (Linn.), crocata (Linn.), 

 lineata (Scop.), quadrifaria (Meig.). Some of the species are injurious 

 to young seedlings, especially those of coniferous plants. 



In North America the commonest species, N. ferruginea (Fabr.), has 

 been discussed several times in its economic relations to agriculture. Hart 

 (1898 [1895] : 218-219) gives an excellent description of the immature 

 stages, while Malloch (1915-17 b: 206) gives supplementary notes and 

 figures of the same species. The immature stages live in sand or earth. 

 N. virescens (Loew) was bred from a larva found in moss OB. Plummers 

 Island, Maryland, on April 5, 1913, by R. C. Shannon. N. eucera (Loew) 

 and N. polymera (Loew) have been reared from larvae taken under leaf 

 mold in woods by Mabel M. Alexander. 



