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state. A fourth in the long run turned out to be an 

 agreement that you would help the coastal state interpret 

 the results. In other words, you would the data with them 

 and the samples, but you would also help them understand 

 what it all meant because most of these countries hadn't any 

 idea what it meant. 



This was our proposal at the conference and opposed to 

 the absolute consent regime of the coastal state. Another 

 one of our rights was that we had the right to publish. 

 Marine scientific research was in effect defined as research 

 which would be published. 



Well, none of this ever happened. What happened was 

 that the Review of Rights and Obligations and the Consent 

 Regime were both piled on the oceanographers ! You have to 

 agree to take somebody from the coastal states. You have to 

 divide the sanples with them, and the data. You have to 

 help them interpret the results, and you still are subject 

 to their giving consent. We have the worst of both possible 

 worlds . 



The American oceanographers, particularly Warren 

 Wooster and Johnny Knauss and a group of us who formed 

 something called the Freedom of Ocean Science Task Group in 

 the Ocean Policy Committee all were members of the State 

 Department Advisory Committee on the Law of the Sea, on 

 UNCLOS particularly. Paul Fye was one also, John Craven, 

 Bill Nierenberg, Tom — . He was the lawyer who later became 

 ambassador for the State Department for negotiating 

 fisheries treaties, the lawyer at the University of Miami 

 law school, and concerned with marine law. Bill Burke of 

 the University of Washington was also concerned with marine 

 law. 



Anyhow, several of us would go to each one of these 

 UNCLOS meetings year after year, particularly Johnny Knauss 

 and Warren Wooster, and I would go occasionally, and Bill 

 Nierenberg would go occasionally. John Bryne, now president 

 of the Oregon State University, was there some of the time. 

 Until recently he was head of NOAA, National Oceanographic 

 and Atmospheric Administration. 



We would all go and do what we could to push our 

 negotiating delegates. We were not negotiating, we were 

 just advisors or experts or whatever you call them. The 

 negotiating delegates were all government officials, not 

 private people. Our particular delegate was a guy named 

 Norman Wolf, who was a lawyer for the State Department and 

 the National Science Foundation. Now I think he is with 

 NOAA. A very nice man, very thoughtful, imaginative, a good 

 man, effective man. But in spite of our best efforts, we 

 never got anywhere. 



Even most of the developed countries were against 

 freedom of scientific research. The ones that were on our 

 side were the Germans and the Dutch, and at one time the 

 Russians. But the Russians, after a while, pulled out 

 because they wanted to control people in their Exclusive 

 Economic Zone . 



