106 



ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



fishes wc find, after the stylohyal 33, the epihyal 39, the cerato- 

 hyal 40, and basihyal 41 ; to which may be articulated a glosso- 

 hyal 42, and a uroliyal 43 : this is a large compressed lamelli- 

 form bone in the Perch. Seven branchiostegal rays, 44, are 

 articulated to the epi- and cerato-hyals. Four branchial arches 

 are attached to the base of the cranium. The first consists of the 

 ceratobranchial, 47, and epibranchial, 4S, elements : both of which 

 support a series of processes, 63, directed towards the cavity of 

 the mouth and defending the entry to the branchial fissures. The 

 second and third arches are connected above by the pharyngo- 



85 



Hyobranchial and scapular arches, Perch (.Percafiuviatilis) 



branchial elements, 49, to the cranium ; and these elements usually 

 support teeth. The gills are attached to grooves on the outer 

 side of the epi- and cerato-branchials ; the arches being closed 

 below by the ' basibranchials ' which are attached to the hyoid. 

 The suprascapula, 50, is attached by its lower branch to the basi- 

 occipital, and by its upper one to the paroccipital, 4. The 

 scapula, 51, supports the coracoid, 52, to which the clavicle, 58, is 

 attached, the relative position of which to the coracoid becomes 

 changed as the scapular arch is detached from its natural con- 



