MYOLOGY OF FISHES. 209 



the Angler (Lophius) the levator is enormous, forming the wall 

 of the capacious reservoir on each side and behind the gills, and 

 uniting extensively with its fellow at and beyond the urohyal : 

 each long branchiostegal ray has, likewise, its peculiar muscles, 

 originating from the supporting arch. In the Anguillida the 

 isthmal union or raphe of the levatores reaches from the basi- 

 and uro-hyals to the coracoid. 



The branchial arches are supplied with muscles attaching them 

 to surrounding parts, or passing from one part to another of the 

 arch itself. 



The branchi-levatores, fig. 137, 3, arise from the alisphenoid and 

 divide into four fasciculi, respectively inserted into the epibran- 

 chial of its own arch. The masto-branchiaUs, ib. 26, arises from 

 the extremity of the mastoid, and divides into two fasciculi, one 

 inserted into the fourth epibranchial, the other into the third 

 pharyngobranchial and the contiguous part of the pharynx. 



The branchi-retractores consist of two fasciculi, one superior, 

 fig. 137, 37, which arises from the upper half of the coracoid, 

 passing horizontally to its insertion : the other inferior, ib. 32, 

 passing from the lower part of the coracoid obliquely upward : 

 they retract and partly depress the branchial arches. 



The branclii-depressor , fig. 137, 35, arises from the basihyal and 

 ascends obliquely backward to its insertion into the cerato- 

 branchials : it is the more direct antagonist of the levatores. 



The protractor scapidce, fig. 134, e, arises from the back part of 

 the masto-parietal ridge, and is inserted into the coarticulated 

 parts of the suprascapula and scapula. The middle portion of the 

 great lateral muscle, ib. g, h, serves, by its insertion, as a retractor 

 scapulce. The corresponding insertion of the lower portion of the 

 great muscle into the coracoid retracts that part of the scapulo- 

 coracoid arch, and is so modified as to have received the name 

 suhcoracoideus, ib. a, fig. 131,/*. 



The muscles of the pectoral fin form a pair, in two layers, on 

 both the outer and inner sides of its antibrachio-carpal base : and 

 the fibres of one layer run obliquely in a different direction from 

 those of the other layer in both pairs of muscles. The outer pair 

 abducts or protracts the fin, the inner pair adducts or retracts it, 

 sweeping it back into contact with the flank : the first movement 

 might be called 'extension,' the second, ' flexion.' The superficial 

 I abductor, fig. 134, h, arises from the upper and outer part of the 

 coracoid ; it tends to elevate as well as extend the pectoral : the 

 deep abductor, fig. 137, 15, comes from the outer border of the 

 lower part of the coracoid ; it depresses as well as extends the fin, 



vol. i. p 



