42 



ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



subjacent layer of fascia allows the play of the ^panniculus' 

 independently of the main masses of the muscular system, fig. 

 18. To the sheet of carneous fibres spreading from the scapular 

 fascia over the neck the term ' cutaneus colli ' is applied : to a 

 thinner layer extending from the fore part of the neck over the 

 forehead and cheeks to the lips, that of ' cutaneus faciei.' The 

 thick layer expanding from the supra-scapular attachment over the 

 shoulder and part of the fore-limb is the ' cutaneus humeri ; ' that 

 which extends from the iliac and pubic fascia lata, and from the 

 patella, forward, expanding upon the abdomen, is the * cutaneus 

 abdominis : ' the ' musculus preputialis,' in the Bull, is a deriva- 

 tion from the foregoing dermal muscle. 



The ( trapezius,' fig. 18, 10, n, answers to the scapular division 

 of that muscle in Man ; it arises in the Ox from the neural spines 

 of the anterior half of the thorax, and from the ' ligamentum 

 nucha?.' In the Giraffe it is in two portions : one arises from the 



Superficial muscles of the Cow. iv 



transverse processes of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae, its 

 fleshy part is thick and strong but expands as it passes down- 

 ward and backward and finally is lost in a strong fascia over- 

 spreading the shoulder-joint ; the second portion is thin and 

 broad, arises from the ligamentum nuchae, and is inserted into the 

 fascia covering the scapula. 1 The ' masto-humeralis,' fig. 18, 8, s, 

 may represent the ' cleidal ' part of the trapezius in claviculate 

 Ungulates : it arises by an aponeurosis from the ligamentum 

 nucha?, and, by a tendon, from the paroccipital ; the chief and 

 more superficial portion is inserted into the humerus, the deeper 

 portion into the sternum. The 'latissimus dorsi,' fig. 18, 12, in 



xcvir. p. 234. 



