NERVES OF MAMMALIA. 185 



is an anterior or superior cervical ganglion as well as the inferior 

 one ; but, in Man, a small ( middle cervical ' is added. In the 

 vertebrarterial tract communications are made with the successive 

 spinal nerves, as in the thorax, but without the ganglionic 

 enlargements, at least so conspicuous. This seems to be more 

 truly the forward continuation of the trunk than the cord con- 

 nected with the vagus. 



In the hog branches from the superior cervical pass forward to 

 the second division of the fifth and to the sixth nerve : ( there is 

 not a distinct vidian nerve passing in a canal of bone, as in the 

 calf and ass ; but the branch most resembling it can be traced 

 on the second trunk of the fifth to the place where the palatine 

 and lateral nasal nerves proceed.' l In the sheep two small and 

 two larger filaments ascend from the superior cervical ganglion 

 and form a plexus, from which the vidian nerve passes to the 

 lateral nasal and two branches to the gasserian ganglion. In 

 the ass the superior cervical ganglion has a more elongate form, 

 and sends branches which form a plexus round the entocarotid : 

 some filaments, joining others from the glossopharyngeal, supply 

 the lining membrane of the tympanum. The chief offsets com- 

 municate with the second division of the fifth, the sixth, and 

 facial nerves ; the vidian passes forward at the inner side of the 

 eustachian tube, traverses its bony canal, and joins the branch 

 from the second trunk of the fifth, which divides into the lateral 

 nasal and palatine, but there is no ' sphenopalatine ganglion ' at 

 the junction. The chief plexuses in the cephalic part of the 

 sympathetic are the ento- and ecto-carotid and the cavernous. 

 These are more directly derived from the superior cervical gan- 

 glion. The plexus about the vertebral artery formed by the 

 accompanying portion of the sympathetic is continued to the 

 basilar artery and its cerebral branches. From the lower part 

 of the superior cervical ganglion the superior or long cardiac 

 nerve is sent off: also nerves to the common carotid, the pharyn- 

 geal plexus, and to communicate with the vagus, spinal accessory, 

 ninth, and suboccipital nerves. Swan remarks that the superior 

 cervical ganglion, ' in many ' (mammalian) c instances corresponds 

 in bearing a proportionate size to that of the second trunk of the 

 fifth.' 1 The greatest proportion of the sympathetic continued 

 from that ganglion, passed to the front of the gasserian, giving 

 off the first and second trunks of the fifth. He failed to find a 

 distinct sphenopalatine ganglion in the monkey and baboon. 



* In the baboon and ass the three first lumbar ganglia of the 

 1 Liv. p. 112. 8 lb. p. no. 



