ORGAN OF TASTE IN MAMMALIA. 105 



rather obtuse conical papillae, and a few large fossulate ones near 

 the base. 



In the Rhinoceros the tongue is broad and flat, a little ex- 

 panded anteriorly, and becoming narrower and deeper as it passes 

 backward : there is a small protuberance on the dorsum, between 

 the posterior grinders, divided by a median furrow : the large 

 fossulate papillae are principally collected, in a group of ten or 

 twelve, on each of these risings ; the fine close-set pointed papillae 

 on the fore part of the tongue resemble short hairs ; behind these 

 papillae the epithelium is condensed into a thick callous stratum, 

 and becomes thinner at the posterior glandular part of the tongue. 

 There is a ' lytta ' beneath the anterior flattened freely projecting 

 part or tip of the tongue. 1 The horse has a relatively longer and 

 narrower tongue, with a greater extent of free -tip, with much and 

 various motion and prehensile power : the base of the tongue is 

 steadied and the origin of the ( linguales ' extended by the glosso- 

 hyal (vol. ii. fig. 305, E, g h) : the surface of the dorsum is 

 smooth and firm, the conical papillae being minute and close-set ; 

 there are a few fungiform papillae along the sides, and three large 

 fossulate ones at the base ; the free ends of the former kind are 

 subdivided or papillose. The tongue of the Hippopotamus is 

 remarkable for its terminal expansion and flatness : it is slightly 

 notched at the middle of the broad tip : the conical papillae are 

 numerous and small; the prominent part of its large fossulate 

 papillae are cleft into smaller ones, In the Hog the edges of the 

 fore half of the tongue are fimbriate : near the base are two 

 fossulate papillae ; behind which are numerous coarse retroverted 

 conical papillae, subserving deglutition. The lingual margins are 

 not fimbriate, in Phacochcerus : the fossulate papillae are two, as 

 in Sus, and the anterior two-thirds of the dorsum are beset with 

 firm gustative papilhe. 2 Numerous small conical papillae give a 

 villous character to the dorsum of the free fore-part of the tongue 

 of the Camel ; among which larger obtuse fungiform papillae are 

 dispersed here and there ; mostly at the under side near the 

 margin : the dorsum rises at the intermolar region, the conical 

 papillae increase in size, and very large fossulate papillae are placed 

 in a row on each side : the mid-prominence is here, also, subdi- 

 vided ; and the secondary papillae usually surround a secondary 

 fossa, fig. 143, b. The tongue of the Llama is similarly divided into 

 a free, gustative, and prehensile part, and a deeper intermolar 

 masticatory and deglutitional part. The conical or filiform pa- 

 pillae are most delicate and minute, extending over the dorsum of 



1 v". p. 39. 2 lxxxix". p. 64. 



O 2 



