198 ANATOMY OE VERTEBRATES. 



In the Hyaena the tongue has a circular group of conical 

 papilla3 near the fore part of the dorsum sheathed by horny epi- 

 thelium, forming retroverted spinules. In Felines they cover 

 a larger proportion of that part of the tongue, forming a powerful 

 rasp in the great species. 1 The gustative papilla? are very fine 

 and setose, intermingled with the horny ones, and more abundant 

 towards the margins, where also the larger petiolate papilla? arc 

 scattered. In the Lion the tongue appears of considerable length 

 in consequence of the distance between the hyoid and the bony 

 palate. 2 The soft palate is of proportional extent, and all that 

 part of the tongue co-extended therewith is represented by a 

 smooth faucial membrane: as it advances it becomes covered with 

 large soft retroverted papilla? ; then there appear four large fos- 

 sulate papilla;, anterior to which the simple conical papilla; con- 

 tinue, increasing in size to near the tip. In the Jaguar there in- 

 tervenes between the epiglottis and the proper base of the tongue 

 a smooth faucial mucous tract, like that in the Lion, of three 

 inches extent. In the Leopards, Ounces, Lynxes and Cats, the 

 larynx and tongue are in close proximity. No Carnivore shows 

 a raised intermolar part of the tongue. It is equally absent in 

 Quadrumana. In this order Hunter noted in a Lemur Mongoz, 

 L., which he dissected, that 'the tongue has a part underneath, 

 shaped like a bird's tongue, so that it might be called double- 

 tongued.' 3 This long flattened process, bifid at the apex, is 

 shoAvn to be continued forward from the framum in the prep. No. 

 1516. 4 A like structure is shown in Loris (No. 1518); and 

 two smaller framal processes are shown in the tongue of another 

 Lemurine species (No. 1517). This lingual character has since 

 been found to prevail throughout the Strepsirhine group 5 down 

 to and including the Aye-aye ( Chiromys). In this animal the 

 framal or sublingual plate 6 has a short and simple apex, behind 

 it a filamentary longitudinal gristly ridge or ' lytta,' projects from 

 the middle of the under surface of the tongue. A narrow free 

 fold of membrane is continued backward from each side of the 

 base of the framal plate to the corresponding side of the pha- 

 rynx : a like structure obtains in the Galagos and Pottos, and 

 supports the terminations of the ducts of the submaxillary and 

 sublingual glands. In Perodicticus the broad apex of the framal 

 process is jagged. 7 The conical papillee are short, subobtuse, and 



1 xx. vol. iii. nos. 1509-1513. 



2 The corresponding modification of the hyoid arch in Felidce is noticed in vol. ii. 

 p. 506. 3 ccxxxvi. vol. ii. p. 29. 4 xx. vol. iii. p. 84. 



5 lxxxiii", to lxxxviii". 6 en-, p. 41, pi. xii. figs. 8 and 9, a. 



7 lxxxv". pi. 8, figs. 8 and 9. 



