202 



ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



villiform ones in the intestinal mucous membrane of some animals 

 (vol. ii. p. 170), and subdividing, as in those, into the i villi' or 

 papilla) truly answerable to those of the skin; the tongue - 

 papillae or processes differ, therefore, from the true dermal papilla) 

 in standing freely out from the surface of the epithelium, which 

 is moulded upon them, and does not plaster them over to its own 

 level. The so-called lingual papilla) are of three kinds, ( fossulate' 

 or circumvallate, ' fungiform,' and ( conical,' many of the latter 

 being also called ' filiform.' 



The fossulate papilla, fig. 148, a, is large, obtuse, subpedun- 



culate, and arises from a fossa, 

 b, by the thickened and often 

 crenate borders of which, e, it 

 is surrounded. The nerves and 

 vessels enter the papilla at its 

 pedicle ; and the expanded sum- 

 mit subdivides into the secon- 

 dary true papilla), plastered over 

 by the epithelium. The average 

 number of fossulate papilla) in 

 Man is eight, arranged as in fig. 141,/: there be sometimes ten, 

 rarely more ; often fewer than eight, but not less than four. 

 Their arrangement may vary to that of an almost transverse 

 line. They are supplied by branches of the glossopharyngeal ; 

 are very vascular ; and, from the thinness of the epithelium, 

 appear red when injected. 



The s fungiform papillae/ fig. 149, B, are subpedunculate, but 



149 



Section of fossulate papilla (1C diam). ccxl. 



Fungiform papilla?. CXi". 



smaller than the fossulate and rounder : they are scattered over 

 the sides and tip of the tongue, and on the dorsum anterior to 

 the fossulate series. They are rather larger than the filiform, 

 and conspicuous by their red colour. They are covered by 



